Nervous System

Question 1

Nerve cells that transmit information within the body

Answer 1

NEURONS

Question 2

2 types of signals to communicate

Answer 2

Electrical signals
Chemical signals

Question 3

signals to communicate in Long distances

Answer 3

Electrical signals

Question 4

signals to communicate in Short distances

Answer 4

Chemical signals

Question 5

Nourishes or insulates most of the neurons

Answer 5

Glia (glial cell)

Question 6

Transmission of information is from a ___________ to a _________________

Answer 6

presynaptic cell (neuron) to a postsynaptic cell
(neuron/muscle/gland cell) Glia (glial cell)

Question 7

INFORMATION PROCESSING
3 stages

Answer 7

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

Question 8

INFORMATION PROCESSING:
Sensors detect external stimuli and internal conditions
Transmits information along sensory neurons

Answer 8

SENSORY INPUT

Question 9

INFORMATION PROCESSING:
Sensory information is sent to the brain or ganglia Interneurons integrate the information

Answer 9

INTEGRATION

Question 10

INFORMATION PROCESSING:
Leaves the brain or ganglia via the motor neurons. Triggers muscle or gland activity

Answer 10

MOTOR OUTPUT

Question 11

Voltage of every cell across the plasma membrane

Answer 11

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Question 12

Membrane potential of a neuron that do not send signals
Changes in membrane potential act as signals, transmitting and processing information

Answer 12

RESTING POTENTIAL

Question 13

In a mammalian neuron at resting potential

Answer 13

Concentration of K is highest inside the cell Concentration of Nat is highest outside the cell

Question 14

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer 14

Use the energy of ATP to maintain these K and Nat gradients across the plasma membrane

Question 15

K diffuses out of the cell

Answer 15

A neuron at resting potential has many open K channels and fewer open Na+ channels

Question 16

Major source of membrane potential

Answer 16

The build up of negative charge with the neuron

Question 17

Massive change in the membrane voltage when the membrane potential passes a certain level

Answer 17

ACTION POTENTIAL

Question 18

ACTION POTENTIAL characteristics

Answer 18

With constant magnitude
Are all-or-none
Transmits signals over long distances

Question 19

Occurs when neurons that contain gated ion channels open or close in response to stimuli

Answer 19

ACTION POTENTIAL

Question 20

Triggered by the opening of ion channels
Reduction in magnitude of the membrane potential

Answer 20

Depolarization

Question 21

Occurs after an action potential
A second action potential that cannot be initiated
A result of temporary inactivation of Na channels

Answer 21

REFRACTORY PERIOD

Question 22

Speed of action potential increases with the axon’s diameter

Answer 22

EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS OF AXON STRUCTURE

Question 23

Insulates the axons in vertebrates
Causes an action potential’s speed to increase up of glial cells

Answer 23

Myelin sheath

Question 24

glial cells types

Answer 24

Oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann cells in PNS

Question 25

Gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gated Na channels are found Area where action potentials are formed

Answer 25

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 26

Process where action potentials in the myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier

Answer 26

Saltatory Conduction

Question 27

______ communicate with other cells at synapses

Answer 27

Neurons

Question 28

Synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal

Answer 28

Presynaptic neuron

Question 29

The _________ causes the release of the neurotransmitter

Answer 29

action potential

Question 30

___________ diffuses across the synaptic cleft and is received by the postsynaptic cell

Answer 30

Neurotransmitter

Question 31

may bind specifically to more than a dozen different receptors

Answer 31

single neurotransmitter

Question 32

ends when neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft

Answer 32

Receptor activation and postsynaptic response

Question 33

Common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates Involved in muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning

Answer 33

ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 34

Simplest animals with nervous system Neurons are arranged in nerve nets

Answer 34

Cnidarians

Question 35

Series of interconnected nerve cells

Answer 35

Nerve nets

Question 36

For more complex animals Axons of multiple neurons are bundled together

Answer 36

nerves

Question 37

Nerves channel and organize information flow through the ___________

Answer 37

nervous system

Question 38

Exhibited by bilateral animals Clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body Flatworms are the simplest cephalized animals

Answer 38

CEPHALIZATION

Question 39

NERVOUS SYSTEM two types

Answer 39

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 40

Consists of the brain and longitudinal nerve cords

Answer 40

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 41

Consists of neurons carrying information in and out of the CNS

Answer 41

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 42

Nervous system organization usually correlates with the _______

Answer 42

animals' lifestyle

Question 43

clams, chitons have simpler system

Answer 43

Sessile molluscs

Question 44

squids, octopi have more sophisticated system

Answer 44

Complex molluscs

Question 45

Functions to nourish, support, and regulate neurons Astrocytes Induce cells lining capillaries in the CNS to form tight junctions, resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain

Answer 45

Glial Cells

Question 46

develops from a hollow nerve cord

Answer 46

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 47

The cavity of the nerve cord gives rise

Answer 47

to the narrow central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

Question 48

The canal and ventricles fill with ____, supplies the CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries away wastes

Answer 48

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 49

Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

Answer 49

Grey matter

Question 50

Consists of bundles of myelinated axons, has fats

Answer 50

White matter

Question 51

Conveys information to and from the brain and generates basic patterns of locomotion Also produces reflexes independently of the brain

Answer 51

SPINAL CORD

Question 52

Body's automatic response to a stimulus

Answer 52

Reflex

Question 53

Transmits information to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment

Answer 53

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 54

transmit information to the CNS

Answer 54

Afferent neurons

Question 55

transmit information away from the CNS

Answer 55

Efferent neurons

Question 56

2 efferent components

Answer 56

Motor system Autonomic nervous system

Question 57

Carries signals to skeletal muscles Voluntary

Answer 57

Motor system

Question 58

Regulates smooth and cardiac muscles Generally involuntary

Answer 58

Autonomic nervous system

Question 59

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 parts

Answer 59

Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division

Question 60

Regulates arousal and energy generation "fight-or-flight"

Answer 60

Sympathetic division

Question 61

Has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming "rest and digest"

Answer 61

Parasympathetic division

Question 62

The vertebrate brain is ______ specialized

Answer 62

regionally

Question 63

3 main regions of the brain

Answer 63

Forebrain Midbrain Midbrain

Question 64

Has activities including processing of olfactory input, regulation of sleep, learning, and any complex processing

Answer 64

Forebrain

Question 65

Coordinates routing of sensory input

Answer 65

Midbrain

Question 66

Controls involuntary activities and coordinates motor activities

Answer 66

Hindbrain

Question 67

Comparison of vertebrates shows

Answer 67

that relative sizes of particular brain regions vary

Question 68

These size differences reflect

Answer 68

relative importance of the particular brain function

Question 69

_____ has resulted in a close match between structure and function

Answer 69

Evolution