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ZOOLONE 3 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote

A

Sexual Reproduction

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2
Q

creation of an offspring without the fusion of sperm and an egg

A

Asexual reproduction

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3
Q

mechanisms of asexual reproduction

A

Budding
Fission
fragmentation
parthenogenesis

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4
Q

Simple form of asexual
reproduction
Found only in invertebrate animals
New individuals arise from
outgrowths of an existing individual

A

budding

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5
Q

Reproduction in most of the invertebrates
Separation of a parent into 2 or more individuals of about the same size

A

Fission

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6
Q

Development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg
Mainly observed in invertebrates
Observed rarely in some vertebrate animals

A

parthenogenesis

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7
Q

almost all eukaryotic species reproduce this way

A

sexual reproduction

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8
Q

Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

A

“two fold cost” of sexual reproduction

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9
Q

By producing offspring of varied phenotypes, sexual reproduction may enhance what?

A

reproductive success of parents when environmental factors change relatively rapidly

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10
Q

expected to be most advantageous in stable, favorable environments

A

Asexual reproduction

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11
Q

Most animals exhibit this
related to changing seasons
controlled by hormones and environmental cues

A

Reproductive Cycles

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12
Q

Release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

A

Ovulation

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13
Q

Variations in Patterns of Sexual

A

Hermaphroditism
Sex Reversals

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14
Q

One individual has both the male and female reproductive systems
2 hermaphrodites can mate
Some can self-fertilize

A

Hermaphroditism

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15
Q

Some species exhibit male to female reversal

A

Sex Reversals

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16
Q

animals that exhibit Sex Reversals

A

Oysters
Coral reef fishes

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17
Q

2 types of Fertilization

A

External fertilization
Internal fertilization

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18
Q

Eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment
A moist habitat is always required to allow sperm to swim to the egg and to prevent the gametes from drying out

A

External fertilization

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19
Q

(External fertilization)
Individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water at the same time
In some cases chemical signals trigger spawning; in other environmental cues are responsible

A

Spawning

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20
Q

Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract
Fertilization occurs within the tract
Requires behavioral interactions and compatible copulatory organs

A

Internal fertilization

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21
Q

compartment that holds sperm for later use in female insects

A

spermatheca

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22
Q

External reproductive organs of males

A

Scrotum
Penis

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23
Q

Internal reproductive organs of males

A

Gonads
Accessory Glands of males
Ducts

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24
Q

Produce the sperm and hormones

A

Gonads

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25
Secrete products needed for sperm movement
Accessory Glands of males
26
Carry sperm and glandular secretions
Ducts
27
Sperm form in these seminiferous tubules
Testes
28
Produce hormones Scattered between the tubules
Leydig cells
29
Production of normal sperm cannot occur at the body temperatures of most mammals The testes of many mammals are held outside the abdominal cavity in the
scrotum
30
The temperature in the scrtoum is ______ than in the abdominatal cavity
lower
31
From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass into the _______ of the epididymis
Coiled Ducts
32
During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ____, and then exit the penis through the urethra
ejaculatory duct
33
Accessory Glands
Semen Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Gland
34
Composed of sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands
Semen
35
Contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen
Seminal Vesicles
36
Secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts
Prostate Gland
37
Secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra
Bulbourethral Gland
38
dog bone penis
ospenis
39
makes the penis erected during arousal
corpara cavernosa
40
Made up of 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissues Glans
Penis
41
Has a thinner skin covering than the shaft and is more sensitive to stimulation
Head of penis
42
Foreskin A fold of skin the surrounds the glans
Prepuce
43
Female External reproductive organs
Vagina Clitoris
44
Female Internal reproductive organs
Ovaries Oviduct Uterus Cervix
45
Muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal Opens to the outside at the vulva,
Vagina
46
consists of the labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris
vulva
47
Has a head called a glans covered by the prepuce
Clitoris
48
Female gonads that lie in the abdominal cavity Each ovary contains many follicles, which consist of a partially developed egg (oocyte) surrounded by support cells
Ovaries
49
Fallopian tube Passageway for the eggs from the ovary to the uterus
Oviduct
50
Womb
Uterus
51
Uterine lining made up of blood vessels
Endometrium
52
Opening from the uterus to the vagina
Cervix
53
Formation of sperm Continuous and prolific Hundreds of millions of sperm are produced per day Each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop
Spermatogenesis
54
Development of a mature egg Prolonged process Immature eggs form in the female embryo but do not complete their development until years or decades later
Oogenesis
55
Spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in three ways
All four products of meiosis develop into sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis
56
serve many functions in addition to gamete production Includes sexual behavior and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
Sex Hormones
57
Secreted by the hypothalamus Directs the release of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
58
FSH and LH in men
Testosterone Main androgen
59
FSH and LH in women
Estrogen Consist mainly of estradiol and progesterone
60
FSH Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System
Promotes activity of Sertoli cells
61
Gives nourishment to the developing sperm
Sertoli cells
62
LH Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System
Regulates Leydig cells
63
Secrete Promotes spermatogenesis
Leydig cells
64
testosterone Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System
Promotes spermatogenesis
65
Regulates production of GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback mechanisms
Promotes spermatogenesis
66
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive System
Secretion of hormones and the reproductive events they regulate are cyclic
67
Prior to ovulation, the endometrium _______ with blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation
Thickens
68
If an embryo does not implant in the endometrium, the endometrium is shed
Menstruation
69
two cycles of female reproduction
Uterine cycle Ovarian cycle
70
Changes in the uterus Menstrual cycle
Uterine cycle
71
Changes in the ovaries
Ovarian cycle
72
The sequential release of GnRH then FSH and LH stimulates follicle growth
Ovarian Cycle
73
Characterized by follicle growth and an increase in estradiol Ends at ovulation Release of secondary oocyte
Follicular phase
74
Follicular tissue left behind transforms into corpus luteum
Luteal phase
75
Secretes progesterone and estradiol Exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Corpus luteum
76
Menstrual cycle Proliferative phase Secretory phase Menstrual flow phase
Uterine Cycle
77
Thickening of endometrium Coincides with follicular phase
Proliferative phase
78
Shedding of endometrium Coincides with growth of new ovarian follicles
Menstrual flow phase
79
Characteristic of most mammals The endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
Estrous cycle
80
Sexual receptivity is limited to a "heat" period called ___ The length and frequency of estrous cycles vary from species to species
estrus

ZOOLONE 3 (6 decks)

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