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ZOOLONE 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Chemical signals released into the blood and transported throughout the body
Need target cells in order to initiate a physical response

A

Hormones

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2
Q

2 criteria on how the signals are transmitted between animal cells

A

Type of secreting cell
Route taken by the signal in reaching the target

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3
Q

Hormones are secreted into the ECF by endocrine cells and reach their targets via the blood stream
Maintains homeostasis, mediates responses to stimuli, regulates growth and development

A

Endocrine Signaling

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4
Q

Molecule acts over short distances
Reach target cell by diffusion

A

Local regulator

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5
Q

Target cells lie near the signaling

A

Paracrine signaling

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6
Q

Target cell itself is the secreting cell

A

Autocrine signaling

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7
Q

Plays important role in blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction

Local regulator
Function in blood clotting, immune system, and reproduction

A

Prostaglandin

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8
Q

Neurons form specialized junctions with the target cells

A

Synapses

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9
Q

signaling where Neurons form specialized junctions with the target cells

A

Synaptic signaling

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10
Q

Secreted by the neurons at the synapses
Diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that travel to the target cells
via the bloodstream

A

Neuroendocrine Signaling

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12
Q

signaling with Chemicals released by animals in their environment

A

Signaling by Pheromones

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13
Q

Chemicals released by animals in their environment
Serve as :
Mark trails leading to food
Defining territories
Warning of predators
Attracting potential mates

A

Pheromones

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14
Q

Modified fatty acids
Others are polypeptides, some are gases

A

Local Regulators

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15
Q

Gas that functions as both local regulator and neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

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16
Q

Decrease oxygen in blood → ________ activates an enzyme that results in vasodilation → increase blood flow to tissue

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

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17
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

polypeptides, amines, steroids

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18
Q

water soluble homrones

A

olypeptides and amines

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19
Q

fat soluble homrones

A

steroids

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20
Q
  • Secreted by exocytosis
  • Travel freely in the bloodstream
  • Bind to cell-surface receptors
    -Bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm of target cells
A

Water-soluble hormones

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21
Q

example of water soluble hormones
- Has multiple effects in mediating body’s response to short-term stress
- Binds to receptors on plasma membrane of liver cells
- Triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

(Water-Soluble hormones Pathway) Binding of hormones to its receptor initiates a ________________ leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

A

signal transduction pathway

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22
Q
  • Diffuse across cell membranes
  • Travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • Diffuse through the membrane of target cells
  • Bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm of target cells
A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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23
Q

Response is usually a change in gene expression

A

Lipid-Soluble Hormones Pathway

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24
Binds to its cytosolic receptor → hormone-receptor complex is formed and moves into the nucleus → receptor part will act as a transcriptional regulator of specific target genes
Steroid hormone
25
Same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have
- Different receptor for the hormone - Different signal transduction pathway
26
multiple effects of _____ - Can increase blood flow to major skeletal muscles - Can decrease blood flow to the GI tract
Epinephrine
27
Endocrine Tissues and Organs
Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
28
Endocrine glands
Thyroid Parathyroid Testes Ovaries
29
Exocrine glands
Salivary gland
30
Release of acidic contents from the stomach to the duodenum Stimulates endocrine cells to secrete secretin Causes target cells in the pancreas to increase pH level in duodenum
Secretin
30
Simple Hormone Pathway
Released from an endocrine cell Travel through the bloodstream Interact with specific receptors within a target cell to cause a physiological response
31
Stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which stimulates a neurosecretory cell
Simple Neuroendocrine Pathway
32
secretes neurohormone, which enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells
Neurosecretory cell
33
example of Neuroendocrine Pathway
Suckling of an infant
34
- Stimulates signals in the nervous system that reach the hypothalamus - Nerve impulses in hypothalamus triggers the release of oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland - Release of oxytocin
Suckling of an infant
35
causes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands
oxytocin
36
Feedback Regulation
Negative feedback Positive feedback
37
* Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus * Prevents excessive pathway activity
Negative feedback
38
Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response
Positive feedback
39
Produced by neurosecretory cells in the larval brain in invertibrates Controls the molting of the larva
Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)
40
Directs the release of ecdysteroid
Prothoracic gland
41
Triggers successive molt as well as metamorphosis
ecdysteroid
42
not triggered until the level of juvenile hormone (JH) drops
Metamorphosis
43
Receives information from the nervous system Initiate responses through the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
44
Attached to the hypothalamus Made up of anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary stores the hormones
Pituitary gland
45
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus synthesize 2 hormones Both hormones are fast acting Produce response within seconds of their release
Posterior pituitary gland
46
2 hormones of Posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin
47
Regulates milk secretion by the mammary gland
Oxytocin
48
Regulates physiology and behavior
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
49
vasopressin Acts on collecting ducts of kidneys Increase water absorption Increases blood pressure by constricting smooth muscles of arterioles Acts centrally to increase thirst
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
50
Hormone production is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus Consists of anterior lobe and intermediate lobe (absent in humans)
Anterior pituitary gland
51
responsible for the milk let down in mamary glands
prolactin releasing hormone
52
Anterior pituitary gland hormones
fsh lh tsh acth prolactin msh gh
53
Stimulates production of thyroid gland hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
54
Promotes egg/sperm production
Follicle-stimulating hormone
55
Induces ovulation and corpus luteum and sex steroid production
Luteinizing hormone
56
Increases production and secretion of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
ACTH
57
somatotropin -Controls cell mitosis, synthesis of mRNA, and metabolism -Acts indirectly with the help of insulin-like growth factor(IGF)
Growth Hormone (GH)
58
Excess GH Lack GH
= gigantism = dwarfism
59
Intermediate lobe hormones
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
60
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Promotes dispersion of pigment in cells in body fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles Birds and mammals Role is unclear
61
Anterior pituitary gland hormones in a hormone cascade pathway
Tropic hormone
62
Set of hormones coming from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and a target endocrine gland
Hormone cascade pathway
63
Contains concentrates of iodine Produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) Secretes calcitonin Contain thousands of tiny sphere-like follicles that produce and store hormones Promote normal growth and development of nervous system and stimulate metabolic rate
Thyroid Gland
63
T4 T3 charactertistics
T4-greater amounts is produced T3-more physiologically active
64
Regulate blood calcium level
calcitonin
65
Occurs in 2 pairs in humans Birds and mammals Removal of glands will cause blood calcium level to drop Continuous decrease may lead to excitability, muscle spasms, tetany, and death
parathyroid gland
66
Secretes melatonin Related to biological rhythms The release is controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) found in the hypothalamus
pinneal gland
66
essential to calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
67
Increases activity of osteoclasts Results in increase of blood calcium levels Decreases rate of the kidneys' calcium exertion Increases production of another hormone, 1,25- dihydrovitamin D
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
68
Most of the hormones are made from cholesterol
adrenal glands
69
Outer region and Inner region of adrenal glands
Outer region= adrenal cortex Inner region= adrenal medulla
70
Corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids Adrenal sex hormones
Adrenal cortex
71
Epinephrine Nonepinephrine
Adrenal medulla
72
in adrenal cortex Influence food metabolism, inflammation, and stress Promote synthesis of glucose from amino acids and fats by undergoing gluconeogenesis ACTH controls synthesis and secretion
Glucocorticoids
73
in adrenal cortex Regulate salt balance of body fluids Promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium in kidneys Salt-regulating action is controlled by renin-angiotensin system and blood levels of potassium
Mineralocorticoids
74
in adrenal cortex Produces androgens that act similarly to testosterone
Adrenal sex hormone
75
Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Functions - Moderate constriction of arterioles - Mobilization of liver glycogen and fat stores Oxygen consumption - Blood coagulation - Activity of GI tract
adrenal medulla
76
Both exocrine and endocrine gland
Pancreas
77
secrete glucagon
Alpha cells
78
Endocrine portion of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
79
secrete insulin and amylin
Beta cells
80
secrete somatostatin
Delta cells
81
secret pancreatic polypeptide
Gamma cells

ZOOLONE 3 (6 decks)

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