Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
A closed circuit system that involves the heart (vascular blood vessels)
A
Cardiovascular System
2
Q
Blood is recycled. True or False?
A
True
3
Q
Function of Cardiovascular System is to transport and exchange what? (6)
A
- nutrients
- oxygen
- body fluids
- waste material
- heat
- blood cells
4
Q
When referring to cardiovascular system as a closed system of plumbing, “pipes” refer to _____ _______.
A
blood vessels
5
Q
When referring to cardiovascular system as a closed system of plumbing, “in-line pump” refers to the _____.
A
heart
6
Q
When referring to cardiovascular system as an open system of plumbing, blood circulates through pipes (blood vessels) and is propelled by an in-line pump (the heart). True or False?
A
False
- it should be “closed system”
7
Q
Blood flow through the system (7)
A
- Heart
- Elastic artery
- Muscular artery
- Arteriole
- Capillaries venules
- Vein
- Heart
8
Q
only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary artery
9
Q
only vein that carries oxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary vein
10
Q
Vessels of the Cardiovascular System (3)
A
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
11
Q
Blood vessel with active circulation (contracts)
A
Artery
12
Q
Big arteries
A
Elastic artery
13
Q
Blood vessel that is the junction between arteriole and venule; present in the fingertips, end of toes, end of ears
A
Capillaries
14
Q
Blood vessel that has passive circulation (doesn’t contract)
A
Veins
15
Q
Medium-sized vein has valves. True or False?
A
True
16
Q
What are the layers of blood vessels from innermost to outermost?
A
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Externa (Adventitia)
17
Q
Layer of blood vessel that is next to the lumen, composed of endothelium and subendothelium and, surrounded by basal lamina and loose connective tissue.
A
Tunica Intima
18
Q
The layer in muscular artery between tunica intima and tunica media, it is made of elastin and has holes to allow diffusion
A
Internal elastic lamina
19
Q
Layer of blood vessel that consists of concentrically arranged layers or layer of smooth muscles
A
Tunica Media
20
Q
Veins have a much thicker tunica media than arteries due to more smooth muscle. True or False?
A
False
- arteries have a much thicker tunica media than veins due to more smooth muscle
21
Q
How many layer of smooth muscle does the tunica media of vein have?
A
1
22
Q
The layer of muscular artery between tunica media and tunica externa
A
External elastic lamina
23
Q
Large arteries typically have an external elastic lamina. True or False?
A
True
24
Q
Layer of blood vessel that is composed of collagen and elastic fibers, and blends into the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessel
A
Tunica Externa (Adventitia)
25
Thickest layer in veins
Tunica Externa (Adventitia)
26
Large veins may have smooth muscle bundles running longitudinally in tunica externa. True or False?
True
27
Present in the tunica externa and is more abundant in veins compared to arteries. It nourishes the tunica externa and outer tunica media.
vasa vasorum
28
The vein is not supposed to have internal and external elastic lamina. True or False?
True
29
Layer in artery which helps it expand; it won’t be able to contain the pressure without this
Internal elastic lamina
30
Veins have more vasa vasorum than arteries because veins have higher content of oxygen and nutrients in blood in the lumen. True or False?
False
- it should be "lower content"
31
Types of Blood Vessels (5)
1. Capillaries
2. Arterioles
3. Venules
4. Arteries
5. Veins
32
Smallest diameter of all blood vessels, it allows exchange of metabolites and waste between blood and surrounding tissue; it produce factors that constrict and relax vessels
Capillaries
33
Diameter of capillaries
7-9 μm
34
Capillaries are composed of single layer of endothelial cells rolled up into tube, which rest on basal lamina. True or False?
True
35
Endothelial cells in capillaries are connected by junctions of ______ _________.
zonula occludens
36
Type of blood vessel that convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II and, inactivate prostaglandins and norepinephrine
Capillaries
37
Small cells adjacent to capillaries and venules, during injury and repair, these transform into other cells, forming new blood vessels and connective tissue cells
Pericytes
38
Three types of capillaries
1. Continuous (tight) capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries
3. Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
39
Type of capillary that has closed basement membrane and closed endothelial lining
Continuous (tight) capillaries
40
Type of capillary that has closed basement membrane and open endothelial lining
Fenestrated capillaries
41
Type of capillary that has open basement membrane and open endothelial lining
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
42
Most common type of capillary found in muscle, connective tissue, glands and nerve tissue; some have numerous pinocytotic vesicles in endothelium
Continuous (tight) capillaries
43
The less exchange of substances across walls of continuous capillaries is due to?
No fenestrae (openings)
44
Exchange of nutrients in continuous capillaries happens inside between cells by means of what?
Pinocytotic vesicles
45
Perforations or openings in fenestrated capillaries typically covered by thin diaphragms
Fenestrations
46
Capillaries present in organs needing rapid exchange of substances between tissues and blood; these capillaries have continuous basal lamina; substances easily cross capillary wall
Fenestrated capillaries
47
Examples of organs with fenestrated capillaries
1. Kidney
2. Intestine
3. Endocrine organs
48
Examples of organs with sinusoidal capillaries
1. Liver
2. Bone marrow
3. Spleen
4. Some endocrine organs
49
This type of capillary is very large in diameter and twisting course (blood moves slowly). It is distorted and has no diaphragm.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
50
Sinusoidal capillaries are very leaky which is why it is located where constant exchange of gasses and nutrients are needed. True or False?
True
51
Substances move freely across capillary wall of sinusoids and into tissues because of 3 reasons, what are those?
1. Spaces between endothelial cells
2. Endothelial cells have large fenestrae w/o diaphragms
3. Basal lamina is discontinuous
52
Microvasculature network formed by capillaries that have extensive branches with huge surface area
Capillary bed
53
Capillary beds are great places to exchange water, ions, and macromolecules between blood and tissue because of 2 reasons, what are those?
1. Blood flows slowly
2. Surface area is huge (due to branching)
54
As blood enters the capillary, circulation and blood flow slows down because active circulation starts here. True or False?
False
- should be "passive circulation"
55
Factors that determine what stuffs move across capillary walls (3)
1. Size of molecules
2. Charge of molecules
3. Structure of capillary
56
Factors in the structure of capillary that determine what stuffs move across capillary walls (5)
1. Types of intercellular junctions
2. Spaces between epithelial cells
3. Fenestrations
4. Diaphragms
5. Number of pinocytotic vesicles
57
Walls of arteries/arterioles are thicker than walls of veins/venules of the same diameter. True or False?
True
58
Arteries/arterioles have smaller wall-to-lumen ratio because of smooth muscle in the wall. True or False?
False
- should be "larger"
59
Veins/venules have larger wall-to-lumen ratio. True or False?
False
- should be "smaller"
60
Type of blood vessel that has small lumen; its tunica intima & externa is thin; often has no external/internal elastic lamina; its tunica media has 1-3 layers of smooth muscle
Arterioles
61
Type of blood vessel that has very thin walls; all 3 tunics are thin; tunica media contains few smooth muscle cells and/or pericytes
Venules
62
Smaller venules are similar to capillaries in structure and function. True or False?
True
63
Type of blood vessel that conduct blood to different regions and organs of the body
Arteries
64
Medium to large size arteries that make up most of named arteries of the body; has prominent internal elastic lamina; thick tunica media
Muscular (distributing) arteries
65
How many layers of smooth muscle does the tunica media of muscular artery have?
up to 40 layers
66
The larger the artery, the less elastin is present with the smooth muscle. True or False?
False
- should be "more elastin"
67
Largest diameter arteries in the body, include the aorta and its largest branches; stretch during systole and contract during diastole (otherwise blood pressure would drop to zero during diastole)
Elastic Arteries
68
Contraction of heart, blood rushes, pressure is high
Systole
69
After contraction, relaxation of heart, pressure is low
Diastole
70
Tunica intima of elastic arteries is thicker than that of muscular arteries due to thicker subendothelial layer. True or False?
True
71
Tunica media of elastic arteries has numerous _______ _______ which increase with age. In between these are smooth muscle fibers, reticular fibers, and ground substance.
elastic laminae
72
In between smooth muscle cells are _______ ______.
Elastic fibers
73
This layer of elastic artery is relatively thin, with loose connective tissue, nerves, and vasa vasorum
Tunica externa
74
Is internal and external elastic lamina present in elastic artery?
A. Only external elastic lamina is present
B. Only internal elastic lamina is present
C. Yes, both are present but not usually visible
D. Yes, both are present and prominent
C. Yes, both are present but not usually visible
75
Type of blood vessel that return blood to the heart, considered capacitance vessels because at any one time they hold more than 70% of the total blood volume
Veins
76
Percentage of blood volume in the artery
30%
- because artery keeps pushing the blood to the vein
77
In small to medium-sized veins, tunica intima and media are thin while externa is relatively thick. True or False?
True
78
In small to medium-sized veins, tunica media contains few small bundles of smooth muscle, while externa consists of collagen fibers without smooth muscle. True or False?
True
79
Consist of folds of tunica intima that project into the vein lumen, it is most numerous in the limbs, it ensure that blood flows toward the heart and does not pool in lower extremities
Valves in veins
80
Blood is propelled towards the heart by ____________ of the heart and skeletal muscles surrounding veins.
contractions
81
Prevent back flow of venous blood
Valves in veins
82
In large veins, tunica media is relatively thick and contains several layers of smooth muscle and abundant connective tissue. True or False?
False
- should be "thin"
83
In large veins, tunica adventitia is relatively thick and contains abundant ________ and some bundles of smooth muscle that run ____________.
collagen | longitudinally
84
Purpose of adventitial smooth muscle in large veins
to strengthen vessel wall to prevent excessive distension
85
Adventitial smooth muscle in large veins has ___________-____ ______ to squeeze blood up to heart.
peristalsis-like action
86
Thickest layer of vein
Tunica externa/adventitia
87
Thickest layer of artery
Tunica media
88
It collects interstitial fluid (lymph) that leaks from blood vessels into connective tissue, and return it to blood
Lymphatic system
89
Plasma which came from the capillary that leaks to the interstitial spaces
Lymph
90
Blood vessel in lymphatic system whose flow is unidirectional; consist of 1 layer of endothelial cells and a discontinuous basal lamina (have holes)
Lymphatic capillaries
91
Lymphatic capillaries merge to form what?
Lymphatic vessels
92
The walls of lymphatic vessels are very thin or very thick?
very thin
93
3 layers of the heart
1. Endocardium - inner layer
2. Myocardium
3. Epicardium - outer layer
94
The heart is surrounded by what?
Pericardial cavity
95
The endocardium of heart consists of ___________ and _____ ______ resting on thin layer of connective tissue.
endothelium and basal lamina
96
Layer of loose connective tissue between endocardium and myocardium, contains nerves, blood vessels, and branches of conducting system of heart
Subendocardium
97
Valves are not considered part of endocardium. True or False?
False
- valves are part of endocardium
98
Layer of heart with muscle fibers arranged in spiral pattern around the chambers; when the fibers contract, the heart twists and wrings out blood from the chambers
Myocardium
99
It is inserted into dense fibrous connective tissue skeleton of the heart
Cardiac muscle fibers
100
Impulse-generating and conducting cells are also present in myocardium. True or False?
True
101
Layer of heart which consists mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) supported by thin layer of connective tissue
Epicardium
102
Which layer of the heart contains loose connective tissue, large amounts of adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels, including the coronary vessels?
Epicardium
103
Feeds the heart muscle (equivalent of vaso vasorum)
Coronary arteries and veins
104
Consists of modified cardiac muscle cells specialized for initiation and conduction of electrochemical impulses; cells are distributed in a pattern that coordinates the contraction of myocardium
Conducting System
105
Enlarged cardiac muscle fibers specialized for conducting impulses
Purkinje fibers
106
Purkinje fibers are larger and darker-staining. True or False?
False
- should be "lighter-staining"
107
Purkinje fibers have more glycogen and less myofibrils than regular monocytes. True or False?
True
108
Send blood from heart
Artery
109
Send blood to heart
Veins
110
Blood vessel responsible for material exchange with tissues
Capillaries
111
Blood vessels with low pressure
Veins and Capillaries
112
Blood vessel with high pressure
Arteries
113
Lumen diameter is narrow in which blood vessels?
Arteries and Capillaries
114
Lumen diameter is extremely narrow in this blood vessel that it is one cell wide
Capillaries
115
Thick walled blood vessel
Arteries
116
Thin walls blood vessels
Veins and Capillaries
117
Wall is extremely thin in this blood vessel that it is single cell thick only
Capillaries
118
Single layered wall blood vessel
Capillaries
119
What is the only layer present in capillaries?
Tunica intima
120
Blood vessels that have large amounts of muscle and elastic fibers
Arteries
121
Blood vessels that have small amounts of muscle and elastic fibers
Veins
122
Blood vessels that have no muscle nor elastic fibers
Capillaries
123
Valves is present only in what blood vessel
Veins
