Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the heart located?

Answer 1

Mediastinum (area between the 2 lungs)

Question 2

What does the S1 sound indicate?

Answer 2

Closing of the A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)

Question 3

What does the S2 sound indicate?

Answer 3

Closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)

Question 4

The right ventricle pumps blood into where?

Answer 4

The pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries

Question 5

The right atrium receives blood from where?

Answer 5

The right vena cava and coronary sinus

Question 6

What valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Answer 6

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

Question 7

What valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Answer 7

Tricuspid valve

Question 8

What is the systole phase of the heart?

Answer 8

Contraction phase

Question 9

What is the diastole phase of the heart?

Answer 9

Relaxation or filling phase

Question 10

What is the flow of the Cardiac cycle?

Answer 10

S1. Atrial systole and Ventricular Diastole

S2. Ventricle systole and Atrial Diastole

Question 11

What is the Frank Starling Law?

Answer 11

The force of myocardia contraction is proportional to the degree of stretch in the heart muscle after diastole (Preload)

Question 12

Does the heart require brain or spinal cord to pump?

Answer 12

No - it has autorhythmicity

Question 13

State the steps of the conduction system of the heart

Answer 13

1. Action potential begins with SA Node (pacemaker)
2. Spreads through the contractile fibers of the atria
3. Slows down in the A/V node
4. Bundle of His
5. Left and Right bundle branches
6. Moves fastest through the Purkinje Fibers
7. Spreads through the contractile fibers of the ventricles
8. Ions spread from the cell to cell via gap junctions

Question 14

What are the waves in an EKG?

Answer 14

P Wave - atrial depolarization
QRS Complex - Ventricular depolarization
T Wave - Ventricular repolarization

Question 15

What is the Order of Systemic Circulation?

Answer 15

1. Left Ventricle
2. Aorta
3. Arteries
4. Arterioles
5. Capillaries (exchange with interstitial fluid)
6. Venules
7. Veins
8. Vena Cavas
9. Right Atrium

Question 16

Describe Arteries

Answer 16

High Pressure
Carry Oxygenated Blood

Question 17

Describe Veins

Answer 17

Low Pressure
Carry Deoxygenated Blood

Question 18

What are the exceptions to Arteries and Veins?

Answer 18

1. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the longs
2. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart

Question 19

Which arteries take blood to the heart muscle?

Answer 19

Left and Right Coronary Arteries

Question 20

Which arteries branch off of the ascending aorta?

Answer 20

Left and Right Coronary Arteries

Question 21

Which arteries branch off of the arch of the aorta?

Answer 21

1. Brachiocephalic Truck
   - This splits into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery

Question 22

Which four arteries take blood back to the brain?

Answer 22

1. Right and left internal carotid arteries
2. Right and left vertebral arteries

The left and right vertebral arteries will converge to form the basilar artery which goes to the backside of the brain

Question 23

Which disease is usually caused by narrowing of lumen in coronary arteries (can be atherosclerosis or vasoconstriction or both). Person has cramping, squeezing, suffocating pain in chest when activity increases. Pain eases with rest. No death of heart muscle.

Answer 23

Angina

Question 24

Which disease is a complete blockage in coronary vessels so heart muscle not getting enough O2 to survive. Leads to death of heart muscle. S/S: suffocating, crushing chest pain, pain radiating down left arm up to left jaw, sob, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, and possible loss of consciousness. Not relieved by rest.

Answer 24

Myocardial Infarction - leads to heart muscle death

Question 25

What disease is a chronic weakening of the heart muscle due to possible genetic defect of muscle or heart being overworked over a long period of time (i.e. hypertension). Muscle begins to fail, blood backs up in the chambers, into lungs, and into systemic veins leading to fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up pink sputum, edema

Answer 25

Congestive Heart failure

Question 26

Which disease is a blockage in cerebral vessels or vessels leading to cell death in the brain? S&S: 1 sided facial paralysis but they can wrinkle forehead - slurred speech - 1 sided paralysis/weakness/numbness - confusion - disorientation - loss of consciousness

Answer 26

Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke)

Question 27

What disease is the acute failure of circulatory system to delivery of blood to organs and tissues? Extreme drop in blood pressure. S&S: - Cold, Clammy, Ashen Skin - Weak pulse - Rapid breathing - Thirst Types: - Hypovolemic - loss of blood volume - Cardiogenic - heart problem - Obstructive - major blockage - Distributive - excessive vasodilation - includes anaphlactic shock

Answer 27

Shock

Question 28

Where are all blood cells produced?

Answer 28

Red bone marrow

Question 29

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 29

Red Blood Cells

Question 30

What is the shape of Red Blood Cells?

Answer 30

Biconcave

Question 31

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 31

Carry oxygen in blood via hemoglobin molecule. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin

Question 32

What hormone controls the production of red blood cells?

Answer 32

Erythropoietin from kidneys Bone marrow stimulates erythropoiesis

Question 33

Which disease is a lack of iron in diet or malabsorption of iron. Therefore can't make adequate hemoglobin resulting in low Oxygen levels S&S: Fatigue, paleness - cold - Shortness of breath - elevated HR (tachycardia) - dizziness

Answer 33

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Question 34

Which disease is inherited via autosomal recessive pattern. More common in people of African descent. RBCs are sickle shaped so they do not carry adequate O2 and they become trapped in blood vessels. Blockages result in lots of pain plus usual anemia signs and symptoms

Answer 34

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 35

Which disease results in cells not dividing properly resulting in a macrocytic/normochromic anemia S&S: Iron deficiency plus beefy tongue

Answer 35

B12/Folate Deficiency Anemia

Question 36

Which disease is specifically caused by B12 deficiency. Autoimmune process damages parietal cells in the stomach leading to deficiency of intristic factor which makes you unable to absorb B12

Answer 36

Pernicious Anemia

Question 37

What are Leukocytes?

Answer 37

White Blood Cells

Question 38

What is the overall function of white blood cells?

Answer 38

Immunity

Question 39

Which WBC is the most abundant and the first responder to infection?

Answer 39

Neutrophils

Question 40

Which WBC is elevated when allergies and parasites are present?

Answer 40

Eosinophils

Question 41

Which WBC secrete histamine (major inflammatory mediator)?

Answer 41

Basophils

Question 42

Which of the WBCs engage in phagocytosis? The clean up crew and largest of the WBC,

Answer 42

Macrophages

Question 43

Which WBCs orchestrate your acquired/adaptive/specific immune response to foreign antigens?

Answer 43

Lymphocytes

Question 44

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

Answer 44

T cells and B cells

Question 45

Which cells regulate a variety of immune responses?

Answer 45

T-Helper cells

Question 46

Which condition results in T-helper cells being destroyed?

Answer 46

AIDS

Question 47

What is Humoral Immunity?

Answer 47

B cells - when exposed to pathogen make antibodies/immunoglobulins

Question 48

What is cell-Mediated Immunity?

Answer 48

T killer cells - AKA cytotoxic T cells that kill diseased body cells - i.e. virus infected cells, cancer cells

Question 49

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 49

Platelets - these cells initiate coagulations to stop bleeding