Endocrine System

Question 1

What is a paracrine secretion?

Answer 1

A secretion that has a local effect. Released in the tissue spaces to have a local effect. Like histamine

Question 2

What is an endocrine secretion?

Answer 2

A chemical/hormone released into a bloodstreem

Question 3

What is an exocrine secretion?

Answer 3

Secretions outside of the body

Sweat, tears, saliva, digestive enzymes, mucus

Question 4

Where is the hypothalamus location?

Answer 4

In the diencephalon of the brain

Question 5

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 5

1. Master gland of the endocrine system
2. Part of nervous system (regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, emotions)
3. Creates releasing and inhibiting hormones (ex. Thyrotropic releasing Hormone)
4. Makes ADH & Oxytocin

Question 6

Which gland stores and releases hormones into the blood. It does not make any hormones.

Answer 6

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 7

What does Anti-Diuretic Hormone do?

Answer 7

1. Signals the nephrons to reabsorb more water and inhibits urination.
2. ADH release is stimulated by increase in osmolarity of body fluids (Fluids are too concentrated)
3. A drop in blood volume could also stimulate ADH release

Question 8

What disease happens when the person is not producing enough ADH?

Answer 8

Diabetes insipidus

• urinate copiously and very thirsty
• no effect on blood sugar

Question 9

Oxytocin Hormone

Answer 9

• Cuddle hormone
• Ejects breast milk
• Causes uterine contractions during delivery

Question 10

What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary make?

Answer 10

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
2. Luteinizing Hormone
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
5. Prolactin
6. Growth Hormone

Question 11

Which hormone promotes sperm and oocyte production?

Answer 11

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Question 12

Which hormone surges on Day 14 of female reproductive cycle to trigger ovulation. It also regulates testosterone production.

Answer 12

Luteinizing Hormone

Question 13

Which hormone stimulates cortisol release by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 13

ACTH - Adrencorticotropic Hormone

Question 14

Which disease is a result of too much ACTH?

Answer 14

Cushing Syndrome - Too much cortisol

S&S:
- Truncal obesity w/wasting extremities
- Round face (moon face)
- fat deposits on upper back (buffalo hump)
- High blood pressure
- Hyperglycemia
- Thinning skin & bones
- muscle atrophy
- stretch marks

Question 15

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to make more thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)?

Answer 15

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 16

Which hormone promotes the making of breast milk?

Answer 16

Prolactin

Question 17

What is Prolactinoma?

Answer 17

A prolactin secreting tumor

In females presents as abnormal lactation

In males presents as development of breast tissue

Question 18

What is hyperprolactinemia?

Answer 18

Excess prolactin in the blood
In females presents as abnormal lactation

In males presents as development of breast tissue

Question 19

Growth Hormone

Answer 19

LIver converts most Growth Hormone to Insulin-like Growth Factor 1.

Then musculoskeletal cells respond to IGFI

Question 20

Which disease is due to the person not producing enough Growth Hormone?

Answer 20

Pituitary Dwarfism

• person is very short, but proportional

Question 21

Which disease is due to the person producing excess growth hormone?

Answer 21

1. Pituitary Gigantism
   - person grows very tall due to Excess GH
2. Acromegaly
   - boney deformities such as protracted jaw, lumpy, and bumpy bones

Question 22

What is the pineal gland located?

Answer 22

Diencephalon of the brain

Question 23

What hormone does the pineal gland create?

Answer 23

Melatonin

Question 24

Which hormone regulates sleep/wake cycles and circadian rhythm

Answer 24

Melatonin

Question 25

Which hormones does the thyroid create?

Answer 25

1. T3 and T4 2. Calcitonin

Question 26

What do T3 and T4 hormones do?

Answer 26

They regulate metabolism rate. The rate at which we convert food (glucose) into ATP

Question 27

Grave's Disease

Answer 27

A specific form of hyperthyroidism. Autoantibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland. S&S: - weight loss - amenorrhea - exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs) - hot - sweating - insomnia - nervousness - anxiety - tachycardia

Question 28

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Answer 28

Autoantibodies destroy the thyroid leading to hypothyroidism leading to hypothroidism S&S: - Weight gain - Edema - Fatigued - Sleep - Bradycardia - Dry skin - Dry eyes - Thinning hair

Question 29

Which hormone promotes uptake of calcium into the bones. Lowers blood calcium levels. "Tones the Bones"

Answer 29

Calcitonin

Question 30

Parathyroid

Answer 30

4 little glands behind the thyroid

Question 31

What hormones does the parathyroid create?

Answer 31

1. Parathyroid Hormone

Question 32

Which hormone promotes bone breakdown to raise blood calcium levels

Answer 32

Parathyroid hormone

Question 33

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 33

Bones, Stones, Moans, Groans, fatigue overtones, tachycardia - bone breakdown, pain fractures - kidney stones - abdominal pain - depression, lethargy

Question 34

What are the two functions of the Pancreas?

Answer 34

1. Digestive System - lipase, amylase, trypsin 2. Endocrine System - hormone creation

Question 35

Which hormones are made in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas?

Answer 35

1. Insulin 2. Glucagon

Question 36

Which hormone lowers blood sugar/glucose after a meal?

Answer 36

Insulin

Question 37

How does Insulin lower blood sugar?

Answer 37

By promoting glycogenesis - making of glycogen - storing glucose in liver and muscles Promoting lipogenesis - making of fat in adipose tissue

Question 38

Describe Type I Diabetes

Answer 38

Pancreas cannot make insulin Person needs insulin injections to treat their hyperglycemia

Question 39

Describe Type II Diabetes

Answer 39

Cells do not respond to insulin (cellular resistance) Managed with lifestyle modifications like wt loss & exercise

Question 40

Which hormone raises blood sugar when food is not available?

Answer 40

Glucagon

Question 41

What does Glucagon do?

Answer 41

Promotes: - glycogenolysis - lipolysis - gluconeogenesis

Question 42

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 42

On top of the kidneys

Question 43

Polyuria

Answer 43

Excessive urination

Question 44

Polydipsia

Answer 44

Excessive thirst

Question 45

What are the two layers of the Adrenal Glands?

Answer 45

1. Medulla 2. Cortex

Question 46

What is the fight or flight hormone?

Answer 46

Epinephrine

Question 47

Where is Epinephrine made?

Answer 47

Medulla of the Adrenal Glands

Question 48

What hormones does the Cortex of the Adrenal Glands?

Answer 48

1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineralcorticoids 3. Androgens

Question 49

Which hormone raises blood sugar during fight or flight?

Answer 49

Glucocorticoids or Cortisol

Question 50

What hormone stimulates sodium reabsorption in nephrons (collection ducts) in order to raise blood volume/blood pressure?

Answer 50

Aldosterone - Mineralcorticoids

Question 51

Which disease results in the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 51

Addison's Disease

Question 52

What are the precursors to making sex hormones?

Answer 52

Androgens

Question 53

What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle?

Answer 53

Raise blood volume/blood pressure when they drop

Question 54

List the steps of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle:

Answer 54

1. Kidneys secrete Renin 2. Renin converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I 3. Angiotensin I goes to the lungs where Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ASE) converts it into Angiotensin 2 3. Angiotensin 2 stimulates the secretion of ADH and Aldosterone to stimulate constriction of arterioles and to stimulate thirst.