Cardiovascular System 2

Question 1

Examples of conducting or elastic arteries:

Answer 1

the aorta, common carotid,
subclavian arteries,
pulmonary trunk,
common iliac arteries

Question 2

Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis? –
hardening of any artery due to an atheromatous plaque

Answer 2

Atherosclerosis

Question 3

Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis? –
hardening (and loss of elasticity) of small to medium arterioles

Answer 3

Arteriosclerosis

Question 4

_____ - fatty plaques in the arteries / a reversible accumulation of degenerative tissue in the intima of the arterial wall

Answer 4

Atheroma

Question 5

Examples of Distributing or Muscular Arteries:

Answer 5

the brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries

Question 6

An ____ is a diagnostic procedure that uses imaging to show how your blood flows
through your blood vessels or heart. An injected contrast material makes it easy to see where blood is moving and where blockages are.

Answer 6

angiogram

Question 7

____ - a weak point in an artery or the heart wall forms a thin-walled, bulging sac

◦ pulsates with each beat of the heart, →
eventually rupture
◦ blood accumulates between the tunics of an
artery

degeneration of the tunica media

Answer 7

Aneurysm

Question 8

Smaller slits in capillaries of _____ muscle
Larger slits in capillaries of _____ muscle

Answer 8

smaller: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
larger: endocrine glands, the kidneys, and
the lining of the small intestine

Question 9

Three types of capillaries:

______- narrow intercellular clefts (but in brain, lack intercellular clefts )

______- allow rapid passage of small molecules (rapid absorption or filtration) (important in the kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine, and choroid plexuses of the brain)

_____ - irregular blood-filled spaces
Even proteins and blood cells can pass
◦ liver
◦ albumin, clotting factors, and other proteins
◦ bone marrow and lymphatic organs
◦ newly formed blood cells

Answer 9

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid

Question 10

Veins are most abundant in the ________

Answer 10

medium veins of the limbs

Question 11

The valve cusps absent in veins of the ____ and ____ body cavities

Answer 11

thoracic, abdominal

Question 12

______ compensate for low venous pressure

Answer 12

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Question 13

The smallest type of veins is called ______.

Answer 13

venules

Question 14

Examples of medium veins:

Answer 14

the radial and ulnar veins,
great saphenous veins

Question 15

Examples of large veins:

Answer 15

the vena cava, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins and renal veins

Question 16

____ - veins are tortuous and dilated, incompetent (leaky) valves,
blood pools in the lower limbs,
elevated venous pressure

Answer 16

Varicose veins

Question 17

A negative pressure exerted by the heart as its chambers contract/ relax?

Answer 17

relax

Question 18

In ___, ____, or dehydration, the BP will be lowered.

Answer 18

shock, burns

Question 19

Three important sources of peripheral resistance:

Answer 19

Vessel radius
Blood viscosity
Vessel length (not much effect; considered
constant)

Question 20

The lumen of the arterioles can be altered
by the action of _____

Answer 20

vasomotion

Question 21

polycythemia=?

Answer 21

excessive numbers of red blood cells

Question 22

anemia=?

Answer 22

a deficiency of erythrocytes

Question 23

hypoproteinemia=?

Answer 23

a decrease in (albumin and globulin)

Question 24

Vasomotor center located in the _____

Answer 24

medulla

Question 25

Constant blood flow to the brain: ~___ml/min

Answer 25

700-750

Question 26

Baroreflexes located in the _____ and _____.

Answer 26

carotid sinus, aortic arch

Question 27

Chemoreflexes are receptors that detect changes in blood levels of _______; located in the _____ and ______.

Answer 27

carbon dioxide, H+, and oxygen, carotid body, aortic bodies

Question 28

At rest, total blood flow through the muscular system is about ___ L/min. During exercise, blood flow through the muscles can increase more than ___-fold during strenuous exercise

Answer 28

1, 20

Question 29

Oxygen deprivation in brain may cause: ____ an MAP < 60 mm Hg → ____ an MAP > 160 mm Hg →

Answer 29

loss of consciousness, syncope, cerebral edema

Question 30

The two most prominent chemoreceptors:

Answer 30

the carotid bodies the aortic bodies

Question 31

The carotid bodies located close by the baroreceptors in the ______

Answer 31

carotid sinuses

Question 32

The aortic bodies located close by the baroreceptors in the ______

Answer 32

aortic arch

Question 33

Hormones help regulate blood pressure in the short term via changes in blood volume/ peripheral resistance?

Answer 33

peripheral resistance

Question 34

Hormones help regulate blood pressure in the long term via changes in blood volume/ peripheral resistance?

Answer 34

blood volume

Question 35

Angiotensin II's functions:

Answer 35

◦ a potent vasoconstrictor ◦ raises the blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance ◦ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone ◦ stimulates the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 36

_______: * “salt-retaining hormone” * promotes Na+ retention by the kidneys * water follows sodium osmotically * Na+ retention promotes water retention * supporting blood pressure

Answer 36

Aldosterone

Question 37

_____: * a generalized vasodilator effect → lower blood pressure * secreted by the heart * antagonize aldosterone * increase Na+ excretion by the kidneys * reducing blood volume and pressure

Answer 37

Natriuretic peptides

Question 38

______: * Vasopressin * a vasoconstrictor * promotes water retention * ⇧ blood pressure

Answer 38

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 39

_____ pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium.

Answer 39

Four (two from each lung)

Question 40

The head and neck (including the brain) receive blood from four pairs of arteries:

Answer 40

◦ common carotid arteries ◦ vertebral arteries ◦ thyrocervical trunks ◦ costocervical trunks

Question 41

cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) connects ___________

Answer 41

the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery systems

Question 42

right and left subclavian arteries → ______ arteries → ______ artery in the cranial cavity → _______________ (connects with internal carotid artery systems)

Answer 42

vertebral, basilar, cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

Question 43

_____ * short vessels * arising from the subclavians lateral to the vertebral arteries * branch to the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx * to muscles in the neck, shoulder, and back

Answer 43

Thyrocervical trunks

Question 44

_______: * arise from the subclavian arteries * supply the deep neck muscles and some of the intercostal muscles of the superior rib cage

Answer 44

Costocervical trunks

Question 45

A site for venipuncture:

Answer 45

median cubital vein