Neurological System 1 Flashcards by N N

The nervous system contains two main divisions: ______

The central nervous system (CNS), The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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The central nervous system consists of: _______

Brain and spinal cord

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Three essential roles of nervous system: ______

Sensing, Integrating and Responding

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PNS consists of ___ paired nerves: ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ___ pairs of spinal nerves

43, 12, 31

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_________ : All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment; internal conditions fluctuate within a limited range; essential to survival

Equilibrium/ (Homeostasis)

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_________ coordinates rapid and precise responses to stimuli using action potentials

The nervous system

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________ regulate body functions, maintains homeostasis and long-term control using chemical signals- hormones

The endocrine system

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Compare nervous system and endocrine system. Give 3 difference.

Nervous System’s means of communication are electrical Impulses and neurotransmitters, while endocrine system’s are hormones.
Neurotransmitters are released at synapses at target cells in nervous system while hormone released into blood stream for distribution throughout body in endocrine system.
Have relatively local and specific effects for nervous system while wide spread and general effects for endocrine system.

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Describe the process from sensory input to motor output.

Receptors at the PNS collect information. PNS then send the
information to CNS for processing and evaluation. CNS determines if action / response is needed. CNS send nerve
impulses to the effector cells through the PNS.

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What types of muscle do somatic nervous system control?

skeletal muscles

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What types of muscle do autonomic nervous system control?

smooth and cardiac muscle, (glands)

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Somatic nervous system’s neuron consists of ________

a single neuron between CNS and skeletal muscle cells

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Autonomic nervous system’s neuron consists of ________

2 neuron chain (connected by synapse) between CNS and effector organ

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________: Can lead only to muscle excitation

Somatic Nervous System

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________: Can either be excitatory or inhibitory

Autonomic Nervous System

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Sensory (_____) division
Motor (_____) division

afferent, efferent

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Function of Nervous Tissue: ____________

Transmit the information from one part of the body to another, by means of nerve impulse

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Nervous cells called ______ consists of 3 parts

________: Contain nucleus and other organelles
________: Short projections to receive inputs
________: Single, thin and long projection to conduct output
impulse

neurons, Cell body, Dendrites, Axon

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Cells support neurons called _______

neuroglia

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Three classes of neurons:

Multipolar neurons: Interneurons/ Motor neurons
(e.g. within CNS)/(e.g. from CNS to muscle/gland)
Bipolar neurons: Sensory neurons (e.g. from retina to brain)
Unipolar neurons: Sensory neurons (e.g. from skin to CNS)

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Axons contact another neuron at a very specialized region of the cell membrane called ______.

synapse

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Nerve impulse reaches a synapse, release signalling
chemicals called “________” to travel a
short distance to next cell membrane and attach to the
receptors.

neurotransmitters

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Axons wrapped in a white, fatty, segmented covering called a ________.

myelin sheath

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Cell body can also called _____,
it cotains _____for __________
and _____for __________.

soma,
many mitochondria, cell respiration and energy production,
Nissl bodies, protein synthesis

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Function of dendrites:

Receive impulses from other cells toward the cell body

Function of axons:

conduct nerve impulses away from cell bodies

How many axon to all neurons?

Only one

4 types of channels: _______: found in membranes all over the nerve cell; allow ions to move in or out of the cell _______: found on the ________ ; only open if detect a certain voltage; responsible for generating an action potential _______: found on ________; only open the fated when activated by a chemical messenger; also named receptor _______: found on ________; only open when activated by mechanical stimulus

Passive/Leak ion channels, Voltage-activated ion channels, axon membrane and soma Chemically activated ion channels, dendrites and soma Mechanically gated ion channels, dendrites and soma

Multipolar neurons usually have ____ dendrites and ___axon

several, one

Give examples of the location of multipolar neurons(_____).

In the brain and spinal cord, (motor neurons)

Bipolar neurons have ____ main dendrite and ____ axon.

one, one

Give examples of the location of bipolar neurons(_____).

Found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory(smell) area of the brain, (Interneuron)

Unipolar Neurons have one _____ that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body

axon

Function of unipolar neurons

Function as sensory receptors that detect a sensory stimulus such as touch, pressure, pain, or thermal stimuli

The cell bodies of unipolar neurons are located in _____.

the ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves

Unipolar neurons mostly reside in ________.

the sensory nerves of the peripheral nervous system

________: Integrate sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the motor neurons

Interneurons or association neurons

________: Convey nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) through cranial or spinal nerves (PNS)

Motor neurons or efferent neurons

________: a stimulus activates a sensory receptor to form a nerve impulse in its axon; the nerve impulse is conveyed into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves

Sensory neurons or afferent neurons

Most of the sensory neurons are _______ in structure.

unipolar

Most of the motor neurons are _______ in structure.

multipolar

Most of the interneurons neurons are _______ in structure.

multipolar

Each neuron contains ~_____ neuroglia (_____) which has similar shape to neuron but have fiber-like extensions; have membrane receptors and channels but not conduct _______.

50, supportive cells of the nervous system, nerve impulses

The most abundant glial cells: ______

Astrocytes, “star cells”

Give two functions of astrocytes

*Produce chemical factors that affect repair and regeneration processes; repair by stabilizing the injured site and prevent further injury * Cause nearby blood vessels to dilate which increases blood flow to the area, enable the neurons to obtain oxygen and glucose more quickly * Provide structural framework for neurons * Direct neuron development * Supply nutrients to neurons * Help neurons maintain their electrical potential by regulating Na+ and K+ ions * Regulate the concentration of transmitters * Form part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) - prevents harmful molecules from entering the brain.

________(one of the five types of glia): phagocytic cells that ingest and digest microorganisms and waste products from injured neurons; release low levels of growth factors that help neurons to survive

Microglia

________(one of the five types of glia): line the four cavities in the brain, called ventricles, and the choroid plexuses; possess microvilli and cilia; help produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Ependymal cells

________(one of the five types of glia): support and electrically insulate CNS axons by forming protective myelin sheaths; have fewer branch than astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells line the four cavities in the brain, called ____________.

ventricles, and the choroid plexuses

The two kinds of PNS neuroglia: ______ and ______

Satellite cells, Schwann cells

______: surround neuron cell bodies located in the PNS; the same functions as astrocytes do in the CNS

Satellite cells

_________: surround all nerve fibres in the PNS; form myelin sheaths around the thicker nerve fibres; functionally similar to oligodendrocytes – faster nerve impulse conduction through axon; regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibres

Schwann cells

Function of myelin sheath

Increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

Two types of neuroglia produce myelin sheaths: ______(in the CNS) - forms myelin sheaths for several axons ______(in the PNS) - wrap themselves completely around one axon

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

________: display little regrowth after injury due to the absence of ______.

Oligodendrocyte, neurolemma

________: has ____that aids regeneration by forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of the injured axon

Schwann cells, neurolemma

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is called ____.

nucleus

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is called ____.

ganglion

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called ____.

tract

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called ____.

nerve

White matter: composed of _______

myelinated axons

Grey matter: contains _____

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

White matter in the spinal cord in _____

outer

White matter in the brain in _____

inner

Describe the electricity among the cell membrane when resting membrane potential

The inside of the cell is negatively charged with respect to the outside.

_____(one of the 4 types of ion channels): the membrane’s permeability to ___ is much higher than its permeability to ___

Leak Channels, K+, Na+

_____(one of the 4 types of ion channels): Opens or closes in response to ______ stimulation in the form of vibration (such as ________) Found in ________

Mechanically gated channel, mechanical sound waves, touch, pressure, or tissue stretching, auditory receptors in the ears, in receptors that monitor stretching of internal organs, and in touch receptors and pressure receptors in the skin

_____(one of the 4 types of ion channels): Opens and closes in response to the binding of a ______(chemical) stimulus—including __________ Located in the dendrites of some sensory neurons, such as _______, and in dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons

Ligandgated channel, ligand, neurotransmitters, hormones, and particular ions, pain receptors

_____(one of the 4 types of ion channels): Opens in response to a change in membrane potential

Voltage-gate channel

The direction an ion moves (into or out of the cell) is determined by the __________

electrochemical gradient

The electrochemical gradient has two components:

Concentration gradient, electrical gradient

The _____ stabilizes the resting membrane potential

sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+ATPase)

______: a decrease in membrane potential; the inside of the membrane becomes less negative (moves closer to zero) than the resting potential; increases the probability of producing nerve impulses

Depolarization

______: an increase in membrane potential; the inside of the membrane becomes more negative (moves farther from zero) than the resting potential; reduces the probability of producing nerve impulses

Hyperpolarization

_____: a brief change of membrane potential with a total amplitude (change in voltage) (from ___ mV to ___ mV)

Action potentials, -70, +30

In a neuron, an action potential is also called a ____, and is typically generated only in ____ (voltage-gated channels)

nerve impulse, axons

The change in voltage only occurs at the _____ and these stepwise transmission called “______"

Nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction

Factors that affect the speed of propagation

Amount of myelination, Axon diameter, Temperature

The nerve impulse travels down __________

Dendrites → Cell body → Axon → Synaptic knob → Synaptic cleft

_____: a region where communication occurs between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell (muscle cell or glandular cell).

A synapses

_____: a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse

Presynaptic neuron

_____: the cell that receives a signal; carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse or an effector cell that responds to the impulse at the synapse

Postsynaptic neuron

_____: less common type of synapses

Electrical synapses

Two main advantages of electrical synapses

Faster communication, synchronization (coordinate the activity of a group of neurons or muscle fibres)

_____: the most common type of synapse

Chemical synapses

A chemical/ chemical messenger called a _______bridges a very narrow gap (the ______) to carry the message from the ____ neuron to the _____ neuron

neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft, presynaptic, postsynaptic

Two types of chemical synapses: ______ - the binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor cause_______; the membrane potential change is referred to _______ ______ - the binding of the neurotransmitter _______; the membrane potential change is referred to _________

Excitatory chemical synapses, more Na+ into the cell, excitatory postsynaptic potential Inhibitory chemical synapses, opens the Cl-channel, inhibitory postsynaptic potential

When nerves are injured (such as from a cut, crushing injury, or some other type of trauma), their ability to repair themselves depends on _______

the extent of the injury as well as their location

Nerves in the peripheral nervous system can regenerate as long as the _____ are intact

soma and neurilemma

Nerves in the central nervous system lack a _______, they cannot regenerate (most injuries to the brain and spinal cord cause permanent damage)

neurolemma

Neurotransmitter receptors are classified as: ________: a type of ligand-gated channel; three most plentiful cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) through the postsynaptic cell membrane ________: the ___ either directly opens (or closes) the ion channel or acts indirectly by activating another molecule, a “______”, which in turn opens (or closes) the ion channel

ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors, G protein, second messenger

_____: at neuromuscular junction; released by cholinergic neurone (parasympathetic neurons of the vagus X)

Acetylcholine (Ach)

_____: plays roles in arousal (awakening from deep sleep), dreaming, and regulating mood; a "feel good" neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

_____: active during emotional responses, addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences; regulate skeletal muscle tone and some aspects of movement due to contraction of skeletal muscles; a "feel good" neurotransmitter

Dopamine

_____: involved in sensory perception, temperature regulation, control of mood, appetite, and the induction of sleep

Serotonin

_____: an important excitatory neurotransmitter secreted in the brain, spinal cord, suprarenal glands, and nerves to the penis and has widespread effects throughout the body

Nitric Oxide

_____: protect against excess neuronal activity; related to dilation of blood vessels, memory, sense of smell, vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and antiinflammatory activity

Carbon Monoxide

Neurological System 1 Flashcards

(97 cards)