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NN Human Biology > Neurological System 2 > Flashcards

Neurological System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain and the spinal cord are encased by the bones of ________; protected by the _____ (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater)

A

the skull and vertebral column, CSF and the meninges

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2
Q

The brain contains over ____ neurons and _____ glial cells

A

12 billion, 50 billion

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3
Q

The brain contributes to homeostasis by _________

A

receiving sensory input, integrating new and stored information, making decisions, and executing responses through motor activities

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4
Q

Four major parts of the brain are:

A

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

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5
Q

Posterior to the brainstem is the ______

A

cerebellum

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6
Q

Superior to the brainstem is the _____

A

diencephalon

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7
Q

Brainstem consists of _____

A

midbrain, pons, medulla olongata

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8
Q

The largest part of the brain is called _________

A

cerebrum

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9
Q

________: consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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10
Q

Grey matter in the brain forms the surface (consisting of _____) covers the cerebrum and cerebellum in a layer called the _____

A

cell bodies and interneurons, cortex

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11
Q

Underneath the cortex in the brain is ______
(inner) which contains ____ that connect one part of the brain to another

A

white matter, bundles of axons

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12
Q

The_______ surround and protect the brain.

A

cranial cavity bones and the cranial meninges

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13
Q

Cranial cavity bones includes:

A

Frontal bone, sphenoid bone, occipital bone, parietal bone

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14
Q

Cranial meninges have 3 layers:

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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15
Q

The cranial dura mater has ____ layers; the spinal dura mater has ___ layer

A

two, one

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16
Q

The two dural layers:
_____ layer (external)
_____ layer (internal)

A

periosteal, meningeal

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17
Q

The dural layers around the brain are fused together except the ______ that drain venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins

A

dural venous sinuses

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18
Q

There is epidural space around the brain (T/F)

A

F

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19
Q

Blood vessels that enter brain tissue pass along the ____of the brain

A

surface

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20
Q

______ creates a semi-permeable membrane throughout the brain. Allows ________ (like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water) to diffuse across into CSF. Serves to restrict what substances can pass from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain.

A

Blood-brain barrier, small lipid-soluble substances

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21
Q

Blood-brain barrier is more permeable in ________(certain location in the brain).

A

Choroid plexus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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22
Q

______: one lateral ventricle in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

Ventricles 1 and 2

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23
Q

______: Superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the
thalamus

A

Ventricle 3

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24
Q

______: lies between the pons and medulla anteriorly and the cerebellum posteriorly

A

Ventricle 4

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25
Q

The total volume of CSF is ____ mL in an adult

A

80 to 150

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26
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains small amounts of ______; it also contains some ______

A

glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea,
white blood cells

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27
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):

A

Buoyancy 浮力 - brain suspends in CSF, protection, chemical stability

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28
Q

The CSF is produced by the ____ (=membranelike) (a network of blood capillaries in walls of each ventricle) of each ____ventricle (~500mL/day)

A

choroid plexuses, lateral

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29
Q

CSF circulates in the central canal of the _______ and ______ space of the brain and spinal cord

A

spinal cord, in the subarachnoid

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30
Q

CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through ____(villi), fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater

A

arachnoid granulations

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31
Q

Because _____of CSF are the same, the pressure of CSF normally is constant

A

the rates of formation and reabsorption

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32
Q

The _____ can be used as diagnostic parameters of brain

A

constituents and the flow pressure of CSF

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33
Q

____: has right and left hemisphere

A

Cerebrum

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34
Q

Function of cerebrum:

A

High mental process: thinking, reasoning, moral sense, learning, memory, personality
Initiation and control of the voluntary muscle contraction
Perception of pain, temperature, touch, special senses of light, hearing, taste and smel

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35
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere can be further subdivided into several lobes:

A

Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes

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36
Q

____: cannot be seen at the surface of the brain; interpret tastes and memory

A

The Insula

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37
Q

Precentral gyrus/ _____: controls voluntary muscles

A

Somatomotor cortex (in the motor areas)

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38
Q

Postcentral gyrus/ _____: receive sensory information from receptors for pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

A

Somatosensory cortex (in the sensory areas)

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39
Q

The functional asymmetry between two hemispheres is termed:

A

hemispheric lateralization

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40
Q

The ____ hemisphere is the more analytical side; it focuses on language and the types of reasoning used in math and science

A

left

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41
Q

The _____ hemisphere is more concerned with creativity and spatial ability

A

right

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42
Q

In a normal brain, the two hemispheres
communicate via ______, allowing for the smooth integration of information

A

the corpus callosum

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43
Q

Functions of somatomotor cortex:

A

Controls voluntary muscles, the left side controls the voluntary muscles
on the right side of the body and vice versa

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44
Q

Functions of somatosensory cortex:

A

Neurons in this region receive sensory information from the receptors for pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

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45
Q

The areas of the somatosensory cortex that correspond to different regions of the body are of different sizes; those areas of the body that have the largest density of touch receptors also receive the _____ motor innervation, the areas of the motor cortex that serve these
regions are correspondingly _____ than other areas

A

greatest, larger

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46
Q

Each aspect of language—including the ability to read, write, speak, and understand—is handled by a different region of the cerebral cortex.
_____: located in the left frontal lobe (for speaking)

A

Broca’s area

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47
Q

Two distinct types of sleep:

A

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

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48
Q

____: predominates in the second half of the night

A

Stage R

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49
Q

____: predominates during the first half of the night

A

Stage N3

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50
Q

_____ periods become increasingly longer toward the morning

A

REM

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51
Q

Diencephalon includes the _______

A

thalamus, and hypothalamus

52
Q

_____: relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum from the spinal cord and brainstem

A

Thalamus

53
Q

Give two functions of hypothalamus

A

Control of the ANS, production of hormones, regulation of emotional and behavioural patterns, regulation of eating and drinking by a feeding centre and a thirst centre, control of body temperature, regulation of circadian rhythms

54
Q

Cerebellum link up the brain with the spinal cord to facilitate the
control of __________.

A

balance and posture

55
Q

Functions of cerebellum:

A

Processing sensory information, monitor body movements and send messages crucial for balance, coordination and posture

(Stores information for muscle groups to work together to perform smooth, coordinated movements
Evaluates sensory input, such as touch, spatial perception and sound)

56
Q

Brainstem consists of:

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

57
Q

Brainstem - Midbrain has
_____ to help control subconscious muscle activities ; loss of these neurons is associated with ___
; integrate information from the ____ and ____

A

The substantia nigra,
Parkinson’s disease,
cerebrum, cerebellum

58
Q

Brainstem - Midbrain
is associated with:
a pair of _____ nerves
a pair of ______ nerves

A

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV)

59
Q

Oculomotor (III) nerves:

A

Provide motor impulses that control movements of the eyeball
Provide motor control regulate constriction of the pupil and changes in shape of the lens

60
Q

Trochlear (IV) nerves

A

Provide motor impulses that control movements of the eyeball

61
Q

The pontine respiratory group is in ________

A

Brainstem - Pons

62
Q

The pontine respiratory group together with the ____ respiratory centre helps
control _____

A

medullary, breathing (regulate rate and depths of respirations)

63
Q

Brainstem - Pons is associated with:
a pair of ______ nerves
a pair of ______ nerves
a pair of ______ nerves
a pair of ______ nerves

A

Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

64
Q

Trigeminal (V) nerves:

A

Provide motor impulses that govern chewing

65
Q

Abducens (VI) nerves

A

Provide motor impulses that control eyeball movement

66
Q

Facial (VII) nerves

A

Receive sensory impulses for taste
Provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva and tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression

67
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

A

Receive sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to the vestibular apparatus
Related to balance and equilibrium

68
Q

Which part of the brainstem control vital body functions?

A

Medulla oblongata

69
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata associated with: _________;
contains nuclei associated with: _____

A

autonomous reflex activity as it houses the autonomic centers,
five pairs of cranial nerves

70
Q

Cardiovascular (CV) centre:

A

Regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels

71
Q

Medulla oblongata associate with autonomous reflex activity as it houses the autonomic centers including:

A

Cardiovascular (CV) centre
Medullary respiratory centre
Vomiting centre
Deglutition centre

72
Q

Medullary respiratory centre:

A

Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

73
Q

Vomiting centre:

A

Causes vomiting, the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper digestive canal through the mouth

74
Q

Deglutition centre:

A

Promotes deglutition (swallowing) of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity into the pharynx (throat)

75
Q

Medulla oblongata contains nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves including:

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves
Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves
Vagus (X) nerves
Accessory (XI) nerves
Hypoglossal (XII) nerves

76
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves:

A

Receive sensory input from and provide motor output to the cochlea of the internal ear

77
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves

A

Sensory and motor impulses related to taste, swallowing, and salivation

78
Q

Vagus (X) nerves

A

Receive sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx and many thoracic and abdominal viscera

79
Q

Accessory (XI) nerves

A

Part of the vagus (X) nerves
Control swallowing via the vagus nerves

80
Q

Hypoglossal (XII) nerves

A

Control tongue movements during speech and swallowing

81
Q

____: sometimes called the “emotional
brain”, the seat of emotion and
learning; links areas of the lower brainstem (which control automatic functions) with areas in the cerebral cortex associated with higher mental
functions; involved in olfaction (smell) and memory

A

Limbic System

82
Q

Two key structures of the limbic
system are _______ and _______

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala

83
Q

Spinal cord extends from the ___ and
descends to the ____ part of the back

A

brain, lumbosacral

84
Q

_____ is enclosed in the vertebral column

A

Spinal cord

85
Q

Spinal cord consists of ___ pairs of spinal nerves innervate the body,
except the head and some areas of the neck

A

31

86
Q

Protective structures of the spinal chord includes:

A

vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

Spinal nerves travel through gaps between the vertebrae (which are held apart by intervertebral discs) and attach to the spinal cord by way of two roots: ________

A

the dorsal and the ventral roots

88
Q

Spinal cord:
All are mixed nerves (T/F)

A

T

89
Q

Dorsal roots
* Contain ______ fibres
* Arise from ____ neurons in the dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord

A

sensory (afferent), sensory

90
Q

Ventral roots
* Contain _____ fibres
* Arise from ventral horn ____ neurons and extend to and innervate the skeletal muscles

A

motor (efferent), motor

91
Q

______: may act as reflex centres – handles some automatic motor responses to sensory information by itself

A

Spinal cord

92
Q

Meninges in the spinal cord
________:
Most superficial
Compose of dense irregular connective tissue
The outer covering of spinal and cranial nerves

A

Dura mater

93
Q

Meninges in the spinal cord
________:
Middle
A thin, avascular covering, spider’s-web arrangement
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is a thin subdural space, which contains interstitial fluid

A

Arachnoid mater

94
Q

Subarachnoid space:
A space between the ___ and ___
Contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

A

arachnoid mater, pia mater

95
Q

Meninges in the spinal cord
________:
Innermost
Many blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients
Triangular-shaped ligaments

A

Pia mater

96
Q

Between the bony vertebrae and the spinal dura mater is an _____ filled with a soft padding of fat and a network of veins

A

epidural space

97
Q

A lumbar puncture is ______

A

A procedure removing
cerebrospinal fluid for testing at an ideal spot

98
Q

A lumbar puncture takes place at ________

A

subarachnoid space (between the 3rd and 4th or the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae)

99
Q

Two dorsal projections of the ____ matter are the dorsal (posterior) horns, and the ventral (anterior) horns

A

grey

100
Q

The ________ are very short and fuse laterally to form the spinal nerves

A

dorsal and ventral roots

101
Q

Spinal grey matter
The posterior grey horn (dorsal) contains axons of _____ and cell bodies of ______

A

sensory neurons, interneurons

102
Q

Spinal grey matter
The anterior grey horn (ventral) contains cell bodies of ______

A

somatic motor neurons

103
Q

Spinal grey matter
The lateral grey horn contains cell bodies of ________

A

autonomic motor neurons

104
Q

Spinal grey matter has the following four zones:

A

Somatic sensory (SS)
Visceral sensory (VS)
Visceral (autonomic) motor (VM)
Somatic motor (SM)

105
Q

Afferent fibres carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the ____ before they enter the spinal cord

After entering the cord, some axons of these neurons enter the ____ of the cord directly
and travel to synapse at higher cord or brain levels

Others synapse with ____ in the _____ of the spinal cord grey
matter at their entry level

A

dorsal root ganglion, dorsal white matter, interneurons, dorsal horns

106
Q

Spinal White Matter:
Composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibres

Allow communication between different parts of the spinal cord and between the cord and brain

These fibres run in three directions:
* _____—up to higher centres (sensory inputs)
* _____—down to the cord from the brain or within the cord to lower levels (motor outputs)
* _____—across from one side of the cord to the other (commissural fibres)

_____ and _____ tracts make up most of the white matter

A

Ascending, Descending, Transverse

Ascending, descending

107
Q

Spinal Tracts:
______ tracts
• Consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the
brain

A

Sensory (ascending) tracts

108
Q

Spinal Tracts:
______ tracts
Consist of axons that carry nerve impulses from the brain

A

Motor (descending) tracts

109
Q

_____ reflex
When integration takes place in the
spinal cord grey matter
The patellar reflex (knee jerk)

A

spinal

110
Q

_____ reflex
If integration occurs in the brainstem rather than the spinal cord
Tracking movements of your eyes as you read this sentence

A

cranial

111
Q

_____ reflex
Not consciously perceived
Involve secretion from glands or the contraction of smooth muscle (such as dilation of the pupil)

A

Autonomic (visceral)

112
Q

_____ reflex
Involve contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

113
Q

Reflex arc
* The ___ followed by nerve
impulses that produce a reflex
* Bypasses regions of the brain where
conscious decisions are made

A

pathway

114
Q

Stretch/ Somatic reflexes
Involve the contraction of a ____ muscle after being stimulated by a ____ neuron

A

skeletal, somatic motor

115
Q

Stretch/ Somatic reflexes occurs via a _____ reflex arc, by activation of a single sensory neuron that forms one synapse in the CNS with a single motor neuron

A

monosynaptic

116
Q

_____ reflex is less sensitive than the
_____ reflex, it can override the stretch
reflex when tension is great

A

Tendon, stretch

117
Q

Tendon reflex and somatic reflex are monosynaptic reflexes which are ______

A

ipsilateral

118
Q

An ipsilateral reflex:
sensory nerve impulses enter the
spinal cord on the _____ from
which motor nerve impulses leave it.

A

same side

119
Q

______ detect and respond to changes in muscle tension that are caused by passive stretch or muscular contraction

A

Tendon organs (Golgi tendon)(the sensory receptors lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle)

120
Q

Tendon reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to _____ by ______ before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn

A

control muscle tension, causing muscle relaxation

121
Q

Differences between reflex action and voluntary action:

A

Reflex action does not involve cerebrum. It is unconscious involuntary and automatic. Same stimulus induce same response. Fast. Involved spinal cord and
medulla oblongata.

Voluntary action involved cerebrum. Conscious, voluntary and automatic.
Same stimulus induce difference response. Slow. Involved cerebrum only.

122
Q

Classification of receptors
By location:
_______
In skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments and in connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

123
Q

Receptor classified by stimulus type
_______:
Respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

124
Q

Receptor classified by stimulus type
_______:
Respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)

A

Chemoreceptors

125
Q

Except Mechanoreceptors and Chemoreceptors,
give other 3 receptors classified by stimulus type:

A

Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Nociceptors

126
Q

Three classification of nerves:

A

Classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses:
Mixed nerves - Contain both sensory and motor fibres and transmit impulses both to and from the central nervous system.
Sensory (afferent) nerves - Carry impulses only toward the CNS
Motor (efferent) nerves - Carry impulses only away from the CNS

127
Q

Classify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

A

Special sensory nerves: I (Olfactory), II (Optic), VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
Motor nerves: III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), VI (Abducens), XI (Accessory), and XII (Hypoglossal)
Mixed nerves: V (Trigeminal), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), and X (Vagus)

NN Human Biology (11 decks)

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