Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
A compensatory mechanism in which the heart stretches
in order to increase contractile force and thus stroke volume
resulting in the maintenance of normal cardiac output
A
Cardiac Dilatation
2
Q
Acute onset of cardiac failure is known as
A
Cardiac Syncope
3
Q
Brisket Edema is an example of this cardiac pathology
exhibited in bulls
A
Congestive Heart Failure
4
Q
This congenital anomaly of the heart manifests as bulging blood filled
cysts, usually on the AV valves of post natal ruminants.
It looks gross, but causes NO functional abnormalities
A
Valvular Hematocysts
5
Q
What does the Tetralogy of Fallot describe?
A
4 abnormalities that result in
insufficiently oxygenated blood being pumped to the body
6
Q
What are the 4 abnormalities described in the Tetralogy of Fallot?
A
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Pulmonary Stenosis
- Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Overriding (Dextroposition) Aorta
7
Q
A manifestation of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
causes endocardial fibrosis within the right ventricle.
These lesions are better known as:
A
Jet Lesions
8
Q
What is Pulmonary Stenosis?
A
The narrowing of the pulmonary valve
resulting in not enough blood reaching the lungs
9
Q
This abnormality, described by the Tetralogy of Fallot, is
secondary to pulmonary stenosis
A
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
10
Q
Where is the aorta located in Overriding (Dextroposition) Aorta?
A
In OA, the aorta is located between the left and right ventricles
directly above the VSD
11
Q
Tetrology of Fallot is inherited in which 2 breeds of dog?
A
Keeshonds
English Bulldogs
12
Q
This is one of the most common anomalies in dogs and results in
compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle
and
dilation of the aorta
A
Aortic Stenosis
13
Q
Tricuspid dysplasia is most common in this species
A
CATS
14
Q
A congenital defect in which the ductus arteriosus fails to
close after birth. This defect is common and seen in all species.
A
PDA
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
15
Q
What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in dogs?
A
Persistent Right Aortic Arch
PRAA
16
Q
Describe the pathogenesis of PRAA
A
Right aortic arch fails to regress→
Entrapment of esophagus and trachea by the ligamentum arteriosum→
Esophagus is compressed→
Dysphagia and megaesophagus
17
Q
What is the most common clinical sign of PRAA?
A
Regurgitation
18
Q
Animals with PRAA normally die from this condition
A
Aspiration pneumonia
19
Q
Certain breeds of dogs are predisposed to PRAA.
List them.
A
German Shepherds
Irish Setters
Great Danes
GIG
20
Q
What causes hemopericardium?
A
Ruptured atrial hemangiosarcoma (HSA)
21
Q
Pericardial Effusion in pigs as a result of
Vit E/Selenium Deficiency
is better known as:
A
Mulberry Heart Disease
22
Q
This disease is characterized by
- Myocardial hemorrhagic necrosis*
- Pleural Effusion*
- Pulmonary Edema*
and is caused by a nutritional deficiency
A
Mulberry Heart Disease (Pericardial Effusion)
23
Q
Fluid around the heart
is called
A
Pericardial Effusion
24
Q
Fibrinous pericarditis (or Black Leg) is
an acute, highly fatal disease of cattle and sheep.
What pathogen is implicated in its causation?
A
Clostridium chauvoei
25
Describe the lesions on the myocardium in Black Leg (Fibrinous Pericarditis)
Necrotizing and Suppurative
due to Emphysematous Swelling
26
In Hardware Disease, **pleuritis** and **pulmonary abscessation**
can occur if the sharp metal object penentrates the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Cavity.
If it penetrates the ____ \_\_\_\_\_, **pericarditis** and **myocarditis** result
_Thoracic_
_Pericardial Sac_
27
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
is better known as
Hardware Disease
28
What is the most common manifestation of pericardial disease?
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
(pericardial effusion)
29
T/F:
Acute pericardial effusion is the most common type of pericardial effusion
and it is seen most commonly in
middle aged, male, large breed dogs
FALSE!
**CHRONIC** is the most common!
30
When the pericardium and epicardium are fused into
one fibrous layer that must be painstakingly removed surgically
it is called
Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis
31
Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
Cardiac Tamponade
32
What traumatic events cause Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis to
progress to Chronic Cardiac Tamponade?
Left Atrial Rupture
Thoracic Trauma
33
T/F:
Chronic Cardiac Tamponade results in clinical signs of left-sided CHF
FALSE!
Tamponade presents clinically like **RIGHT** **sided CHF**
34
The innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart
Endocardium
35
**Endocardial Mineralization** and **Valvular Endocardiosis**
are _________ endocardial diseases
_degenerative_
36
What nutritional excess is implicated in endocardial mineralization?
Hypervitaminosis **D**
37
Which calcinogenic plants with Vit D analogs
can cause **endocardial mineralization** when ingested?
Cestrum
Trisetum
Solanum
38
Cattle debilitated with __________ Disease
can have fibrosis and mineralization of the endocardium of the **left atrium**
**Johne's Disease**
*Mycobacterium avium* subs. *paratuberculosis*
39
This is the most common cardiac disease in dogs
Valvular Endocardiosis
(Myxomatous/Mucoid Valvular Degeneration)
40
Which valve is most commonly affected in
Valvular Endocardiosis?
Mitral Valve
41
Which breeds are genetically predisposed to
Valvular Endocardiosis?
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Dachshunds
42
Describe the pathogenesis of the
degenerative condition of
Valvular Endocardiosis
AV valve collagen degenerates→
Mitral Prolapse→
Spongiform layer proliferation→
Nodular thickening of cardiac valve leaflets
43
Valvular Endocardiosis can result in
endocardial fibroelastosis
which is also known as
JET LESIONS
44
Jet Lesions, or endocardial fibroelastosis,
are seen in which cardiac pathologies?
VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)
Valvular Endocardiosis
Valvular Endocarditis
45
Jet lesions are caused by the pronounced, diffuse
thickening of the _______ endocardium
**_ventricular_**
46
Inflammation of the endocardium, or **endocarditis**, can be caused by
3 things. What are they?
1. Bacteria
2. Uremia (Acute Renal Failure)
3. Parasites
47
What is the difference between endocarditis and endocardiosis?
Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium
Endocardiosis is a degenerative condition of the mitral heart valve (left AV valve)
48
What causes Valvular Endocarditis in pigs?
*Erysipelathrix rhusiopathiae*
49
What causes Ulcerative Mural Endocarditis?
Uremia/Acute Renal Failure
50
What is the most important cause of endocarditis
in dogs?
HEARTWORM!
## Footnote
*Dirofilaria immitis*
51
Heartworms, which cause endocarditis in dogs, are most
likely to be found in what areas of the heart?
Pulmonary arteries
Right Ventricle
52
Endothelial injury, blood turbulence, and hypercoagulability
are all involved in the pathogenesis of this cardiac disease
Endocarditis
53
This nutritional myopathy commonly causes
myocardial necrosis and mineralization
in many species of animals
Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
54
White Muscle Disease
and
Mulberry Heart Disease
are both caused by
Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
55
T/F:
If you suspect that a piglet has mulberry heart disease,
an injection of iron dextran is the accepted treatment
FALSE!
Iron Dextran injections in a piglet already low in Vit E can cause
a severe myopathy!!
NEVER DO IT
56
T/F:
Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency can cause nervous signs
in pigs
TRUE!
Nervous signs seen due to focal encephalomalacia
57
These antibiotics, given to cattle to promote feeding and prevent coccidiosis,
can cause **ionophore toxicity** in high amounts
resulting in myocardial necrosis and mineralization
Monensin
Lasalocid
58
Pigs that ingest **cottonseed** are at risk for ________ toxicity
_Gossypol_ toxicity
59
What pathology is associated with the heart of pigs that ingest cottonseed?
Myocardial necrosis and mineralization
60
In the postmortem examination of a pig,
you observe an pale, enlarged heart with a mottled pattern.
Its liver is considered a "nutmeg" liver and is enlarged, mottled, and friable.
Upon inspection of the trachea, you notice froth inside of it.
The lungs exhibit signs of edema and congestion.
**What is your number one differential**?
Gossypol toxicity from ingestion of cottonseed
61
What is Uremia?
A raised level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products
normally eliminated by the kidney
62
T/F:
One cause of myocardial necrosis and mineralization in dogs and cats
is Uremia
TRUE
63
Cardiomyopathies, or structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium,
are most commonly seen in which two species?
DOGS
CATS
64
What are the 3 types of primary (idiopathic) cardiomyopathies?
Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
65
In this structural myocardial condition, the heart is rounded and enlarged.
Male animals, especially cats and dogs, are the most commonly affected.
DILATED cardiomyopathy
66
What species of animal is most likely to be affected by
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
CATS!
67
You receive a slide labeled: Cardiomyocytes (Cat)
Upon observation with a microscope, you notice that
they are not arranged in a parallel fashion as they should be, rather
they are more in an interweaving pattern.
What is the most likely explanation for this?
The cat has Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
68
Which 4 breeds of dogs have increased susceptibility for
**dilated cardiomyopathy**?
Doberman Pinschers
Portuguese Water Dogs
Dalmatians
St. Bernards
69
an exclusively feline condition that
causes a severe situation where
a lodged clot cuts off blood supply to the legs
Saddle Thrombus
70
Inflammation of the middle layer of the heart wall is called
Myocarditis
71
What bacteria is implicated in causing
necrotizing and suppurative myocarditis
seen commonly in North American feedlot cattle?
*Histophilus somni*
72
Inflammation and Degeneration of muscle tissue is called
Myositis
73
This platyhelminth parasite causes *Cysticercosis*,
an important zoonotic disease resulting in **parasitic myositis**
*Taenia solium*
74
The larval stage of a *Taenia solium* is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
and is found in the muscle of intermediate hosts like
pig and cattle
Cysticercus
75
The adult stage of *Taenia solium* is found in the intestine of the definitive host.
What species serve as a definitive host?
Humans
Dogs
Wild Carnivores
76
T/F:
Cysticercosis in humans occurs when a human ingests the larval
cysticerci of *Taenia solium* in undercooked pork.
FALSE!!
Cysticercosis in humans is from ingesting *Taenia* **EGGS!**
Ingestion of cysticerci results in the formation of tapeworms in the intestines
77
What are the 4 types of Primary Cardiac Neoplasia?
Rhabdomyoma/ Rhabdomyosarcoma
Schwannoma
Hemangiosarcoma (HAS)
Chemodectoma (Heart Base Tumors)
78
This is a rapidly growing, highly invasive tumor of the lining of blood vessels
and is seen almost exclusively in dogs. It is a primary cardiac neoplasia
and can metastasize due to its incredible vascularity
Hemangiosarcoma (HAS)
79
This is a highly vascular glomus tumor arising from the paraganglion cells
of the carotid body. It is a primary cardiac neoplasia and is located at the
carotid bifurcation.
CHEMODECTOMA (Aortic Body Tumor)
80
T/F:
Lymphosarcoma (LSA) is a type of primary cardiac neoplasia
FALSE
It is a secondary cardiac neoplasm that metastasized to the heart
81
Cattle and Dogs are most likely to be affected by this
secondary metastatic form of cardiac neoplasia
Lymphosarcoma (LSA)
82
When a cow develops Lymphosarcoma (LSA) after being infected by
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), the condition is called
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL)
83
Lymphosarcoma (LSA) in cattle can result from infection
by this retrovirus.
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
84
Inflammation of the walls of an artery
Arteritis
85
What agent is responsible for causing Acute Arteritis in pigs,
which presents as multiple cutaneous infarcts in a diamond shaped pattern?
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
86
Chronic infection by *Erisepelothrix rhusiopathiae*
in pigs can result in this condition of the heart.
Vegetative Valvular Endocarditis
87
An idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis of the Beagle breed of dog
is called:
Beagle Pain Syndrome
88
Mulberry Heart Disease and Edema Disease
can both cause this type of necrotizing arteritis
Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis
89
Edema disease of pigs presents as focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia
and is a disease that causes fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis.
What is the pathogen responsible for causing this disease in weaned piglets?
*Enterotoxemic E. coli!*
90
What type of toxin is responsible for causing endothelial cell injury
in the arterioles of piglets with Edema Disease?
Verotoxin
| (a bacterial enterotoxin)
91
The medial calcification and hardening of the arteries
due to thickening and loss of elasticity
of the arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
92
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important pattern of Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
93
The presence of fibrofatty plaques in the intima and media of
arteries is known as
Atherosclerosis
94
This endocrine condition can cause
Coronary Atherosclerosis
HYPOthyroidism
95
A serious condition in which there is a tear in the wall of the major artery carrying blood out of the heart (aorta). As the tear extends along the wall of the aorta, blood can flow in between the layers of the blood vessel wall
Dissecting Aneurysm
96
The most common cause of a dissecting aneurysm is
physical trauma
97
Aged Mares with low serum copper levels
are at risk of dissecting aneurysm of this artery
during parturition
Uterine Artery
98
A dissecting aneurysm of this artery is common in
horses with guttural pouch mycosis
Internal Carotid Artery
99
A dissecting aneurysm of this artery is very rare,
but has been seen in racing horses, stallions during breeding,
and in pigs with copper deficiency
Aortic rupture
100
An aggregation of platelets and fibrin that form when certain conditions,
described by Virchow's Triad, exist.
Thrombus
101
What are the 3 conditions described by Virchow's Triad
that can result in thrombosis?
1. Endothelial Injury
2. Abnormal Blood Flow
3. Hypercoagulability
102
What is a "mural" thrombus?
A thrombus that is attached
103
If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream,
it is known as
an Embolus
104
Pulmonary Thrombosis is seen in
Dogs with severe _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disease
and in
Horses with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Seen in Dogs with **severe renal glomerular** disease
and in
Horses with **Strongylosis**
105
Explain why a dog with severe renal glomerular disease
is at risk for pulmonary thrombosis
Severe renal glomerular disease is a **protein-losing nephropathy**.
Which results in significant **loss of antithrombin III**,
the major inhibitor of thrombin, and thus, thrombosis
106
Horses infested with *Strongylus vulgaris* worms
have a **verminous arteritis**. The small worms encyst in the mucosa of the
Aorta, Cranial Mesenteric Artery, and the Iliac Artery, causing damage to the
endothelium as well as congestion of those arteries (abnormal blood flow).
According to Virchow's Triad, what are these horses at risk for?
Pulmonary Edema
107
The release of this substance causes fibrinolysis of the thrombus
(the breakdown of the fibrin clot)
tPA
| (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)
108
Which substance is responsible for blocking the coagulation cascade
and is released alongside tPA to break down the fibrin clot?
Thrombomodulin
