Urinary System Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What 3 diseases are congenitally acquired in regards to the kidney?
A
Renal Cysts
Renal Dysplasia
Nephroblastomas
2
Q
What are the 3 divisions of the renal parenchyma?
A
Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis (Papilla)
3
Q
An absence of development of one or both kidneys
A
Renal Aplasia
4
Q
Abnormally small kidneys with normal architecture
characterized by a reduced number of
histologically normal lobules and calyxes
A
Renal Hypoplasia
5
Q
A very rare developmental abnormality of the kidney
characterized by abnormal and asynchronous (disorganized) development
of renal tissues
A
Renal Dysplasia
6
Q
A common congenital renal malformation, found mostly in pigs and calves,
the lesions of this abnormality are lined by flat or cuboidal epithelium
and are often an incidental finding
A
Renal Cysts
7
Q
This congenital abnormality of the kidney
is characterized by a “honeycomb appearance” upon cut surface.
It is an inherited autosomal dominant condition in Pigs and Lambs
and has familial tendency for Cairn Terriers, Bull Terriers, Collies,
Nubian Goats, and Persian Cats
A
Polycystic Disease
8
Q
This is a rare developmental abnormality of the kidney
seen in swine, dogs, and cattle
with a familial tendency towards
Doberman Pinschers and Beagles
A
Renal Aplasia
9
Q
What breed of dog is implicated in
familial tendency of Renal Hypoplasia?
A
Cocker Spaniels
10
Q
This is a veery rare autosomal dominant developmental abnormality of the kidney
with a familial tendency towards Suffolk Sheep
A
Renal Dysplasia
11
Q
Pigs can develop Renal Dysplasia if they are
suffering from this nutritional deficiency
A
Hypervitaminosis A
12
Q
Congenital infections with
- Feline Panleukopenia*
- Canine Herpesvirus*
- Bovine Viral Diarrhea*
can cause this developmental abnormality of the kidney
to occur
A
Renal Dysplasia
13
Q
A normal kidney in an abnormal location
A
Ectopic Kidney
14
Q
This developmental abnormality of the kidney
seen mainly in dogs and pigs,
is a predisposing factor for
Ureter Obstruction
and
Development of Hydronephrosis
A
Ectopic Kidney
15
Q
The congenital malformation that results from the
fusion of the cranial or caudal poles of the kidneys.
Also known as “Horseshoe Kidney”
A
Retained Fetal Lobulation and Fusion
16
Q
Lipofuscinosis is a pigmentary disturbance characterized by
dark brown to black normal-sized kidneys
and
dark brown cardiac parenchyma.
Which species is Lipofuscinosis an incidental finding?
A
Old Cattle!
17
Q
Bile pigmentation of the kidneys results in yellow-green kidneys.
Caused by an obstructive jaundice or severe liver disease,
the kidneys excrete conjugated bilirubin
resulting in ___________
A
Choluria
18
Q
Glomeruli are preferentially affected by what circulatory disturbance of
the kidneys?
A
Renal Hemorrhage
19
Q
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidneys
is caused by viral infections such as
- Canine Herpesvirus*
- Hog Cholera*
- African Swine Fever*
A
Renal Hemorrhage
20
Q
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidneys
is caused by bacterial infections such as:
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
- Streptococcus spp.*
- Salmonellosis*
A
Renal Hemorrhages
21
Q
Name the 3 acquired/congenital clotting defects that
cause renal hemorrhages
A
Coumarin poisoning (sweet clover)
Vit K deficiency
Hemophilia A and B
22
Q
In chronic renal infarcts, prolonged ischemia leads to
infarction/coagulative necrosis of the kidney.
How does this heal?
A
With FIBROSIS
23
Q
The thrombosis of this renal vessel is majorly implicated
in renal infarcts
A
Interlobular artery
24
Q
Valvular Endocarditis is a common cause
of this renal circulatory disturbance
A
Renal infarcts
25
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidney is most
likely seen in a dog with Renal Amyloidosis?
Renal infarcts
26
The kidney is the most important target of this heterogenous disease
characterized by proteinaceous deposition
Amyloidosis
27
What is the most common form of Amyloidosis
in domestic animals?
Secondary Reactive Amyloidosis
28
Primary Amyloidosis, which is very rare in domestic animals,
is characterized by the deposition of this type of amyloid derived
from the Ig light chains of abnormal plasma cells
Amyloid AL
29
In Secondary Reactive Amyloidosis,
deposition is only of Amyloid AA, which
originates from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
_serum a-globulin_
30
Chronic antigenic stimulation is implicated in causing this type of
Amyloidosis
Secondary Reactive Amyloidosis
31
Name the breed of cat and the breed of dog that has
familial tendency for Renal Amyloidosis
Abyssinian Cats
Sharpei Dogs
32
In most species, pink amorphous amyloid is deposited into the Glomeruli.
In which two species is amyloid deposited into
the medullary interstitium?
Cats
Cattle
33
Congo Red Stain and Thyoflavin-T
are stains used to confirm the presence of
Amyloid
34
In what area of the kidney would you see necrosis
if **endotoxemia** is the injurious agent?
the CORTEX
| (Renal Cortical Necrosis)
35
Which drug is implicated in the causation of Renal Medullary (Papillary) Necrosis
of the kidney in horses?
NSAIDs
36
Amyloidosis in cats, pyelonephritis, and Diabetes Mellitus
can all cause this form of renal necrosis
Renal Medullary (Papillary) Necrosis
37
The acute necrosis of tubular cells of the kidney is known as
Renal Nephrosis
38
Because of the high metabolic activity of renal tubular epithelium,
proximal tubules are highly susceptible to
what two insults?
Ischemia
Toxic Damage
(Renal Nephrosis)
39
What are your differential diagnoses for
diffusely pale kidneys?
Amyloidosis
Acute Nephrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Lymphosarcoma
40
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidneys
is characterized by Fibrosis, Tubular Loss, Architectural Disorganization,
Regeneration, and a Limited Inflammatory Response?
Nephrosis
41
Ingestion of this substance
precipitates as crystals in the tubules of the kidneys
causing "Oxalate Nephrosis"
Ethylene glycol
42
This nephrotoxic plant causes **tubular degeneration** and **peri-renal edema**
in Pigs and Cattle
Pigweed
## Footnote
*Amaranthus retroflexus*
43
**Tannins** found in this nephrotoxic plant
are implicated in the **acute tubular necrosis**
of the endothelial cells of Horses and Cattle
Oak
## Footnote
*Quercus spp.*
44
**Embolic nephritis**
presents as multifocal suppurative glomerulitis and can progress
chronically to renal microabscesses.
Histologically, this bacteria is seen in glomerular and interstitial capillaries
of affected foals.
*Actinobacillus equuli*
45
**Glomerulonephritis** is largely associated with this
type of injury
Immune-mediated injury
46
What are the two main immune-mediated mechanisms
implicated in the pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis?
Deposition of Ag/Ab complexes
Autoantibodies directed against the GBM (Glomerular Basement Membrane)
47
Which immune-mediated mechanism is seen more commonly
in regards to the pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis in domestic animals?
Deposition of Ag/Ab complexes
48
What are the 3 morphological types of Glomerulonephritis?
Membranous
Proliferative
Membrano-proliferative
49
Which morphologic type of glomerulonephritis often
leads to glomerular sclerosis?
Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis
50
What pathogen is responsible for "White Spotted Kidney",
a common condition of young cattle?
Multifocal Interstitial Nephritis is a common incidental finding.
*E. coli*
causes residual lesions (off-white foci) on the kidney
from the bacteremia it caused in the first few weeks of the cow's life
51
Interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and dilation, and **aggregates**
of **lymphocytes** and **plasma cells** are seen in this
chronic inflammatory condition of the kidney
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
52
Different serovars of *Leptospira interrogans* are implicated in
causing this condition of the kidney
Dogs: *Canicola* or *Icterohaemorrhagiae*
Cattle: *Canicola*
Pigs: *Pomona*
Interstitial Nephritis
53
Unlike other forms of nephritis, the lesions of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are not necessarily symmetrical
Pyelonephritis
54
The pathogenesis of this kidney condition is described by the following:
**Ascending bacterial infection**→ Ascend ureters→ Invade renal pelvis→
Move through renal tubules→ Reach renal parenchyma
Pyelonephritis!
55
What part of the kidney is most susceptible to infection
and therefore pyelonephritis?
Renal Medulla
56
Normally prevented by the oblique insertion of the ureters into the bladder wall,
this abnormality, commonly seen in puppies, is a predisposing factor
for Pyelonephritis
Abnormal Vesicoureteral Reflux
| (Retrograde flow of urine)
57
The form of chronic nephritis characterized by the predominance
of macrophages inthe inflammatory infiltrate
Granulomatous Nephritis
58
What type of nephritis is caused by the following pathogens?
* Coronavirus*
* Mycobacteria* in Cows
* Ascaris migration* in Dogs
* Halicephalobus gingivalis migration* in Horses
Granulomatous nephritis
59
The **dry form** of **granulomatous nephritis** is caused by this
condition, resulting in multifocal to coalescing off-white raised nodules
on the cortical and cut surfaces of the kidneys in cats
*Feline Infectious Peritonitis*
60
What is the main differential for **dry form granulomatous nephritis**?
Lymphosarcoma!
61
This large parasite resides in the renal pelvis and can be found free-floating
in the peritoneal cavity of minks, dogs, and other fish-eating animals.
"Giant Kidney Worm"
## Footnote
*Dioctiophyma renale*
62
When the larvae of this parasite of pigs migrates from the
intestine→liver, hepatitis, phlebitis, and abscesses can occur.
After the liver it travels to→peritoneal cavity→ peri-renal fat→ adjacent tissues
where it may form cysts that often communicate with the renal pelvis
*Stephanurus dentatus*
63
The abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyxes with
progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma caused by
an increased pressure following partial or complete obstruction of the urine outflow
Hydronephrosis
64
This type of necrosis seen in Hydronephrosis
due to the partial or complete
obstruction of urine outflow
Pressure→Ischemia→Atrophy
Papillary necrosis
65
The formation of solid or semisolid concretions called calculi anywhere in the
urinary tract collecting system is known as
Urolithiasis
66
What type of dietary issue can predispose **sheep** to **urolithiasis**?
High **phosphate** diets
67
High levels of this dietary component found in
grazing pastures for cattle
predisposes the cattle to **urolithiasis**
High **silica** levels
68
The most common type of urolith in canines is
STRUVITE
69
Struvites are composed primarily of which 3 minerals?
Magnesium
Aluminum
Phosphate
70
Struvite urolithiasis is seen in feedlot cattle
that are feeding on a diet high in
grain rations
71
Water Belly is a serious complication in cows
that describes bladder distention and rupture.
What is the causative circumstance that results in Water Belly?
A urolith is lodged in the urethra
72
Familial Renal Diseases are most commonly seen in this species
DOGS
73
Which breeds of dogs are affected by the abnormal structure
seen in familial glomerulopathies?
Samoyeds
Doberman Pinschers
74
What breed of dog is affected by familial renal fibrosis,
a structural defect?
Norwegian Elkhounds
75
Basenji's have familial predisposition for this condition,
a functional abnormality affecting reabsorption in the kidney
Fanconi Syndrome
76
Which breed has familial predisposition for
Primary Renal Glucosuria, a functional abnormality?
Norwegian Elkhounds
77
Five types of renal conditions can result in End Stage Kidney.
Name the conditions.
Interstitial Nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Granulomatous nephritis
Massive infarction
78
What is the renal response to renal injury of the basement membrane?
Healing by fibrosis
79
If fibrosis is very severe, what is the renal response?
Nephrosclerosis
80
Renal failure is defined as the loss of
\_\_\_\_\_\_% of renal function
70 - 75%
81
Hypoxia and toxins are more likely to cause dysfunction in this part of the kidney
Tubular dysfunction
82
Damage to the basement membrane, endothelium, epithelium, or mesangium
are more likely to cause dysfunction in this part of the kidney
Glomerular Dysfunction
83
This metabolic waste product is produced in the liver
as a nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism
Urea
84
This metabolic waste product is a normal byproduct
of phosphocreatine, a substance involved in muscle contraction
Creatinine
85
A biochemical abnormality mostly due to decreased GFR caused by
the abnormal elevation of urea and creatinine in the blood
**without** clinical manifestations of renal disease
Azotemia
86
A clinical syndrome of toxemia due to intravascular accumulation of endogenous toxic waste substances such as urea and creatinine
Uremia
87
Uremic Stomatitis/Glossitis is a condition that occurs in cats and dogs
when oral bacteria transform urea→ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→which irritates
the oral epithelium and causes ulceration of mucosa
_Ammonia (NH3)_
88
Arteriolar necrosis with mucosal infarction and mineralization
of the gastric glands and submucosal blood vessels is
characteristic of this non-renal manifestation of Uremia
Hemorrhagic Ulcerative Gastritis (Dogs, Cats) and Colitis (Horses,Cattle)
89
The left atria and proximal aorta are predilection sites for this non-renal
manifestation of uremia
Endocarditis/Mucoarteritis
90
Deposition of _________ causes subsequent fibrinoid degeneration
of the subendocardial connective tissue in non-renal uremic
endocarditis/mucoarteritis
_glycosaminoglycans_
91
A non-renal manifestation of uremia involves deposition of mineral in the
walls of several tissues and vessels. If it is deposited in
the cranial intercostal space, it is known as "Pleural Frosting"
Name the condition
Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification
92
This condition occurs when damage to the air-blood barrier causes plasma to leak into alveoli. Often the cause of death in uremic animals, this presents as
foamy liquid in the trachea
Pulmonary Edema
93
In Uremic Pneumopathy, the lungs fail to collapse, are heavy and moist, with rounded edges. Histologically, there is
eosinophilic material within alveoli indicative of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
and
basophilic material within alveolar walls indicative of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
eosinophilic material within alveoli indicative of _Edema_
and
basophilic material within alveolar walls indicative of _Mineralization_
94
Describe the pathogenesis of Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Kidney's job is to excrete phosphorus→
Abnormal kidney function causes retained phosophorus (Hyperphosphatemia)→
Body responds in order to increase calcium→
Activates the parathyroid glands which promote reabsorption of calcium from bone
95
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder
96
Ingestion of this by horses can cause cystitis
Blister Beetles (Cantharidan Toxicity) in Alfalfa
97
Ingestion of this by cattle can cause cystitis
Bracken fern (Quercetin and Ptaquiloside Toxicity)
98
Two agents have **synergistic properties** resulting in
enhanced neoplastic transformation in the bladder of cattle
*Bovine Papillomavirus-2* + *Bracken Fern!!!*
99
How does acute cystitis present?
Mucosal hemorrhage, ulceration, and production of
hemorrhagic and fibrinopurulent exudate
100
How does Chronic Cystitis present?
Mucous metaplasia of transitional epithelium
101
What are the types of chronic cystitis?
Follicular
Polyploid
Emphysematous
102
Dogs and cats with Diabetes Mellitus are most likely to
develop this type of chronic cystitis
Emphysematous cystitis
103
A diet high in these components predisposes a male cat to
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease, which is characterized by
obstruction of the urethra by a urethral plug
Magnesium and Phosphate
104
Bladder tumors are seen ______ often than Renal tumors
_MORE_
105
What are the types of primary epithelial tumors
found in the urinary tract?
Renal Adenoma
Renal Adenocarcinoma
Renal Cystadenocarcinoma
106
What are the types of primary urinary tumors?
Nephroblastoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
107
What are the types of primary mesenchymal tumors?
Leiomyosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
108
What kind of metastatic tumor forms in the kidney?
Malignant Melanoma
109
Enzootic Hematuria is a condition describing cattle that
ingest \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a plant that predisposes the cattle to Transitional Cell
Carcinoma
Bracken Fern (*Pteridium spp.*)
110
What are the segmental patterns of kidney disease?
Infarction
Pyelonephritis
111
What are the embolic patterns of kidney disease?
Inflammatory
Metastatic
112
What are the generalized patterns of kidney disease?
Cortical necrosis
Tubular necrosis
113
What are the medullary (papillary) and pelvic patterns of kidney disease?
Pyelonephritis and Hydronephritis
