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2015:Pathology II > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

These component of the CNS are of

ectodermal origin

and are sensitive to hypoxia

A

Neurons

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

These components of the CNS

are of mesodermal origin

and are not as sensitive to hypoxia

A

Microglia

Vascular Endothelium

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3
Q

The arrangement of neurons in the CNS is called a

A

Nuclei

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4
Q

The arrangement of neurons in the PNS

is called a

A

Ganglia

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5
Q

What are the 5 ways a neuron can react to injury?

A
  1. Chromatolysis
  2. Acidophilia
  3. Cytoplasmic Vacuolation
  4. Inclusions
  5. Neuronophagia
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6
Q

An injured neuron can react to injury by the

swelling of the cell body and dissolution of Nissl granules

with margination of the nucleus.

This reversible reaction is called

A

Chromatolysis

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7
Q

Cell death due to ischemic change causes neurons to shrink

and appear angular and reddish in color with a

pyknotic (absent) nucleus.

This neuronal reaction to injury is called

A

Acidophilia

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8
Q

If a neuron appears swollen with bubbles and intracytoplasmic edema,

it has reacted to injury in which way?

A

Cytoplasmic Vacuolation

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9
Q

A neuron can respond to injury by accumulating this pigment

in its own cytoplasm or nucleus

A

Lipofuscin

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10
Q

Neuronophagia, or phagocytosis of neurons, is carried out by

which cell of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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11
Q

Copper deficiency causes this neuronal reaction,

while Thiamine deficiency causes this one

A

Copper: Chromatolysis

Thiamine: Acidophilia

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12
Q

Hypoglycemia can cause this permanent ischemic change in neurons

A

Acidophilia

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13
Q

An animal with GM1 Gangliosidosis or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

is most likely to have this neuronal reaction

A

Cytoplasmic vacuolation

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions are seen in the neurons

of animals with this virus

A

Rabies

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15
Q

This virus causes lipofuscin inclusions in the nucleus of neurons

A

Herpesvirus

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16
Q

What cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What cells produce myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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18
Q

This myelin producing cell connects to multiple internodes

A

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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19
Q

What are the components of myelin?

A

75% lipid

25% protein

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20
Q

“White Matter” of the brain gets its color from ________

A

MYELIN!

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21
Q

Which animal has more myelin at birth?

Foal

or

Mouse

A

FOAL!

A foal is more mobile at birth and mobility

directly reflects myelin content

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22
Q

What type of demyelination occurs if an axon is damaged?

A

Secondary Demyelination

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23
Q

Infectious agents and toxins use ________ axoplasmic flow

from the motor end plate to the cell body

A

RETROGRADE

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24
Q

3 examples of pathogens that use retrograde axoplasmic flow

A
  • Listeria*
  • Rabies*
  • Tetanus*
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25
The concomitant degeneration of axon and sheath that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuronal cell body degenerates distal to the injury
Wallerian Degeneration
26
Anterograde degeneration is also known as
Wallerian Degeneration
27
T/F: Lead poisoning results in demyelination of the neurons affected.
FALSE Lead poisoning results in Wallerian degeneration
28
Supporting cells within the brain are called Neuroglia. What 4 types of cells are considered neuroglia?
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
29
Neuroglia outnumber neurons \_\_\_\_:1
50:1
30
The CNS counterpart of the fibroblast
Astrocyte
31
**Protoplasmic** astrocytes produce _____ matter
Grey matter
32
**Fibrillar** astrocytes produce _______ matter
White matter
33
Astrocytes are stained using
GFAP
34
These cells are responsible for transporting nutrients, perivascular cuffing, antigen MHC II presentation, and are part of the blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes
35
What 3 ways do Astrocytes respond to injury?
Proliferation (Gliosis) Walling off of a damaged area (Scarring) Swelling (Gemistocytes)
36
A swollen astrocyte is known as a
Gemistocyte
37
These cells are seen as small dark nuclei between myelin sheaths on or around neurons that develop and maintain myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
38
An oligodendrocyte destroyed by a virus or toxin will result in _________ demyelination
PRIMARY demyelination
39
The smallest neuroglial cells with dark elongated nuclei which originate from the mesoderm and are responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation
Microglia
40
When a microglial cell is phagocytizing myelin, it is known as a
Myeophage
41
When a microglial cell is clearing debris, it is known as a
GITTER cell GITTER DONE!
42
The ciliated cuboidal neuroglial cells that line the neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus, and are responsible for production of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
Ependymal cells
43
What are the 3 types of Edema of the Brain?
Cytotoxic Vasogenic Interstitial
44
What type of edema of the brain is likely to result from intoxication or hypoglycemia?
Cytotoxic Edema
45
What type of Edema of the brain is likely to result from either Vit E/Selenium deficiency, Renal Failure, or Vasculitis?
Vasogenic Edema
46
Hydrocephalus is this type of Edema, caused by the increased transependymal movement of CSF
Interstitial Edema
47
Brain Swelling can lead to 3 forms of brain herniation. What are they?
Subfalcine Herniation Transtentorial/Gyral Herniation Caudal Cerebellar/Tonsillar Herniation
48
Cerebellar coning is a type of _________ Herniation
Caudal Cerebellar/Tonsillar
49
4 things can cause hemorrhaging in the brain. What are they?
Trauma Anoxia Vasculitis Hematomas
50
What are the 3 classification of brain hematomas?
Epidural/Subdural Subarachnoid Intracerebral
51
A skull fracture in which the dura is peeled off the skull results in this type of hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
52
Which artery most commonly ruptures in an epidural hematoma?
Middle Meningeal Artery
53
In an injury where the dura is still attached to the skull and **venous blood** is the component that is leaking out, the most likely type of hematoma to occur is
SUBDURAL hematoma
54
Post necrotic softening of the brain tissue
Malacia
55
T/F: Malacia is a reversible change that heals by Astrocytosis
FALSE! Malacia is IRREVERSIBLE, but some healing does occur via Astrocytosis
56
The post-necrotic softening of the grey matter of the brain is called
Poliomalacia
57
This is a typical lesion seen in fetuses from protozoal abortions. Histologically, a "core" is seen surrounded by inflammatory cells
Malacia
58
What 3 things can cause Malacia?
Trauma Infarction Vascular Disease (toxins, deficiencies, inflammation,arteriosclerosis)
59
T/F: Thiamine deficiency can result in malacia
TRUE
60
T/F: Malacia is a common manifestation of arteriosclerosis
FALSE! Arteriosclerosis is a RARE CAUSE of malacia
61
Lysosomal Storage Diseases are implicated in congenital malformations of the brain. GM1 Gangliosidosis affects this breed of animal
Friesian Calves
62
Lysosomal Storage Diseases are implicated in congenital malformations of the brain. Alpha-Mannosidosis affects this breed of animal
Angus Cattle
63
Lysosomal Storage Diseases are implicated in congenital malformations of the brain. Cairn Terriers and West Highlan White Terriers are predisposed to this disease
Globoid Leukodystrophy
64
An enzyme defect in beta-galactosidase is seen in this Lysosomal Storage Disease
GM1 Gangliosidosis of Freisian Calves
65
What is the defective enzyme in Globoid Leukodystrophy of Cairn and West Highland White Terriers?
galactocerebrosidase
66
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are responsible for extrinsic causes of congenital brain malformations
Teratogens
67
The 4 categories of teratogens that can cause congenital brain malformations are
1. Heat 2. Toxins 3. Nutritional Deficiencies 4. Infectious Agents
68
Ingestion of this plant can cause an acquired form of Mannosidosis which can result in a congenital brain malformation
Locoweeds *(Astragalus, Oxytropis)*
69
A deficiency in ______ causes dysmyelination in sheep, resulting in a congenital malformation called "Swayback"
_Copper_ deficiency
70
What type of congenital malformation is caused by in utero infectious by BVD (Bovine Viral Diarrhea) and FPV (Feline Panleukopenia)?
Cerebellar hypoplasia
71
Schmallenberg Virus causes this congenital malformation in calves that results in malformed or defective joints
Arthrogryposis
72
In utero infection of calves with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and pigs with _________ causes **Microencephaly**, or incomplete brain development
Calves with BVD and Pigs with Classical Swine Fever
73
The abnormal accumulation of CSF resulting in brain swelling
Hydrocephalus
74
What kind of animals are at risk for developing the congenital form of hydrocephalus?
Toy breeds of dogs! | (Doming of skulls)
75
What 4 obstructive processes can cause an acquired form of Hydrocephalus?
Meningitis Abscesses Tumors Cysts
76
Dilation of ventricles and thinning of the septum between ventricles is seen in this brain condition
Hydroencephalus
77
Trace the steps of CSF Circulation
Choroid Plexus (Lateral ventricles 3 & 4)→ Foramen Munro→ III Ventricle→ Subarachnoid Space→ Venous Circulation
78
This duct is often obstructed in cases of Hydroencephalus
Mesencephalic duct
79
What is **hydrA**encephaly?
Absence of cerebral hemispheres that may result in CSF filled sacs
80
The defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord
Spina Bifida

2015:Pathology II (5 decks)

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