Respiratory System Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 physiologic divisions of the respiratory system?
A
Conducting System
Transitional System
Exchange System
2
Q
The conducting system of the respiratory system, which consists of
the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi,
are primarily lined by what cells?
A
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Goblet Cells
3
Q
The transitional system of the respiratory system,
which only include the bronchioles,
are primarily lined by what cells?
A
Clara Cells
non-ciliated secretory cells
4
Q
T/F:
Goblet cells can be found in the conducting and transitional systems
of the the respiratory tract.
A
FALSE!
Healthy bronchioles, found in the transitional system,
DO NOT have goblet cells (only Clara Cells)
5
Q
The exchange system of the respiratory system,
which contains the alveolar ducts and alveoli,
are lined by what cells?
A
Epithelial Pnumonocytes
6
Q
T/F:
Type 1 Epithelial Pneumonocytes, or Granular Pneumocytes
and Type 2 Epithelial Pneumonocytes, or Membranous Pneumocytes,
are found in the exchange system of the respiratory system
A
FALSE!!
Type 1 is MEMBRANOUS
and
Type 2 is GRANULAR
7
Q
__________ arteries conduct deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
while
__________ arteries carry oxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
while
Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood
8
Q
T/F:
Normal flora can be found throughout the conducting system of the respiratory system, but anything past that is sterile.
A
FALSE!
Normal flora is only found in the MOST PROXIMAL part of the conducting system
which includes the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea!
BRONCHI and MUCOSA (both are part of the conducting system)
are STERILE!
9
Q
Name two species of potentially pathogenic normal flora.
Hint: One is found in cows, and the other is found in dogs.
A
- Mannheimia haemolytica*
- Bordatella bronchiseptica*
10
Q
Which species have PIM’s?
Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages
A
Cattle
Cats
Horses
Sheep
Pigs
11
Q
Which factors predispose animals to bacterial colonization
of the lungs?
A
Viruses
Stress
Dehydration
Pulmonary Edema
Uremia
Ammonia
Immunosuppression/Deficiency
12
Q
This respiratory condition of horse horses
causes epistaxis due to the presence of a pedunculated
tumor-like lesion in the nasal cavity
A
Ethmoidal hematoma
13
Q
This is a condition of the nasal cavity of
calves with IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis)
and is characterized by the formation of a
diphtheritic membrane
A
Fibrinous Rhinitis
14
Q
This is the nasal bot of sheep
that can rarely abberantly migrate to the brain
A
Oestrus ovis
15
Q
Atrophic rhinitis is a multifactorial condition of the nasal cavity
of growing pigs. It is due to the combined infection by what two pathogens?
A
- Bordatella bronchiseptica*
- Pasteurella multocida Types A & D*
16
Q
The area most commonly affected in Atrophic Rhinitis in pigs
A
Ventral Nasal Turbinate
17
Q
Inclusion Body Rhinitis, a condition in baby pigs ages 3 - 5 weeks old,
is caused by which pathogen?
A
Porcine Cytomegalovirus (Suid Herpesvirus 2/ SHV-2)
18
Q
This condition causes conjunctivitis and sneezing in pigs ages 3-5 weeks old,
but causes a fatal systemic infection in younger pigs.
What is the name of the condition and the infectious agent responsible?
A
Inclusion Body Rhinitis
- Porcine Cytomegalovirus/ Suid Herpesvirus 2*
- SHV-2*
19
Q
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
is seen in cats of all ages
and manifests as rhinitis with conjunctivitis.
What is the pathogen responsible?
A
Feline Herpesvirus-1
20
Q
A cat comes in with mild oculonasal discharge.
Upon inspection of its mouth, you find vesicular lesions on its tongue.
What is this condition called and what is the pathogen responsible?
A
Vesicular Stomatitis and Glossitis
caused by
Feline calicivirus (FCV)
21
Q
This aquatic protistan parasite is responsible for causing
granulomatous growths in the nose of dogs.
The granulomatous growths contain mature sporangia filled with endospores.
A
Rhinosporidium seeberi
22
Q
This congenital abnormality in the eustachian tube of horses
causes non-painful entrapment of air into the guttural pouch.
A
Guttural Pouch Tympany
23
Q
Inflammation of the guttural pouch is known as
A
Eustachitis
24
Q
Strangles is a painful condition affecting the guttural pouch of horses
that results in chronic suppurative inflammation.
Clinically, the horse will have
enlarged paratoid and submandibular lymph nodes.
What pathogen causes Strangles?
A
Streptococcus equi
25
*Streptococcus equi* causes a painful condition in horses
called Strangles. If the exudate draining from
the suppurative fistulous tracts is inspissated,
what can form?
CHONDROIDS!
26
How do you differentiate Guttural Pouch Tympany
and Strangles?
Guttural Pouch Tympany is NOT painful
while Strangles causes pain.
27
What is the causative agent of Guttural Pouch Mycosis in horses?
*Aspergillus spp.*
28
You walk into your barn one day to check on your horse Pepper.
You are horrified to see Pepper bleeding from her nose with blood
spattered about her stall like a murder scene. You notice that she
is exhibiting some facial paralysis too.
What is the causative agent of this bleeding?
*Aspergillus spp.*
29
You walk into your barn one day to check on your horse Pepper.
You are horrified to see Pepper bleeding from her nose with blood
spattered about her stall like a murder scene. You notice that she
is exhibiting some facial paralysis too.
What happened and where is all the blood coming from?
*Aspergillus spp.* infection caused Guttural Pouch Mycosis.
The fungus damaged the **internal carotid artery** and caused it to rupture!
30
You walk into your barn one day to check on your horse Pepper.
You are horrified to see Pepper bleeding from her nose with blood
spattered about her stall like a murder scene. You notice that she
is exhibiting some facial paralysis too.
What's the deal with the facial paralysis?
The internal carotid artery is involved in many cranial nerves, including facial nerve,
CN7. When the ICA ruptured, it affected CN7 resulting in facial paralysis
Thanks alot *ASSpergillus*
31
Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
is seen most commonly in which species?
CATS
32
This is the MOST COMMON malignant oral tumor in dogs.
It can be pigmented or not, and can metastasize, usually to the
lungs, lymph nodes, and bones.
Malignant Melanoma
33
What are two types of common malignant oral tumors seen in dogs?
Nasal Fibrosarcoma (FSA)
and
Malignant Melanoma
34
This ovine beta-retrovirus is responsible
for causing carcinoma or adenocarcinoma in
the nasal cavity of sheep
Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus (ENTV)
35
This respiratory condition of calves is also known as
necrotic laryngitis
Calf Diphtheria
36
A calf presents with plaques of ulceration covered by
fibronecrotic exudate all over its tongue, cheeks, palate, and pharynx.
What is this condition called and what pathogen is responsible?
Calf Diphthera
## Footnote
*Fusobacterium necrophorum*
37
Following viral infection by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
calves are predisposed to Calf Diphtheria, or oral necrobacillosis
*Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis*
38
You here ROARING coming from your barn. You grab the ol' shotgun
and a brewsky and cautiously head over to kill this sonofabitch bear that
is obviously about to fuck up all of your horses.
Surprisingly, you see that the roaring noise is not coming from a bear, but
from Pepper, your horse.
What's going on here? No, you're not that drunk, and no, you're not hallucinating.
ROARING in horses
is caused by an **idiopathic neuropathy** of the **left recurrent laryngeal nerve**
which results in **atrophy** of the **left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle**
which causes Pepper to sound like a bear.
39
This pathogen causes ulcerative and necrotizing laryngotracheitis in
adult cows, but can cause a systemic infection in neonatal calves.
*Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)/ Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)*
40
Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis is better known as
Kennel Cough
41
What is the major pathogen responsible for Kennel Cough in dogs?
*Bordatella bronchiseptica*
42
What are 4 pathogens other that *Bordatella bronchiseptica* that
can predispose a dog to Kennel Cough (Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis)
* CAV-2 (Canine Adenovirus-2)*
* CPV (Canine Parainfluenza Virus)*
* Canine Distemper Virus*
* Mycoplasma spp.*
43
"Heaves" is an asthma-like disease in horses and ponies
that presents as nasal flaring with discharge and
mucous accumulation in the lower airway.
What is it also known as?
Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
44
In the fall, you noticed that your horse Pepper was developing some pretty
sweet external abdominal oblique muscles.
"How'd you get abs like that when you can't even do a sit-up?", you asked
Pepper quietly (cause you're a loser, talking to your fucking horse about its abs).
Winter rolls around and you head into the barn and Pepper's coughing and heaving
and snotting everywhere. What's going on?
Pepper has RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction)
Her muscles got large from her constant expiratory effort
and you didn't really notice the respiratory signs because the disease
gets worse in the winter
45
What are the 4 components of the Blood-Air Barrier of the Lungs?
Vascular endothelium
Basement Membrane of Endothelial Cells and Type 1 Pneumocytes
Cytoplasm of Type 1 Pneumocytes
46
Pulmonary hemorrhage in cattle occurs when
embolisms of exudate from a _______ abscess rupture into the
**vena cava** causing vena cava thrombosis
_Hepatic_ abscess
47
Heart Failure Cells are also known as
Siderophores
48
Which dark brown pigment is found in siderophages, which are macrophages
known as "Heart Failure Cells"?
Hemosiderin!
49
What stain is used to detect hemosiderin-laden macrophages
aka Siderophages?
Iron (Perl's) Stain
50
This dark discoloration of lung tissue is caused by
accumulation of carbon from inhalation of smoke
Pulmonary anthracosis
51
The incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs
is known as
Atelectasis
52
What are the categories of Congenital/Acquired Atelectasis?
Compressive
Massive
Obstructive
53
Which of the following is NOT a type of Compressive Atelectasis?
Hydrothorax, Hemothorax, Pneumothorax, or Pleuritis?
Pneumothorax is NOT a type of compressive, space-occupying, atelectasis,
it is categorized as MASSIVE Atelectasis
54
What would cause a fetus to have a patchy pulmonary Atelectasis?
Aspiration of amniotic fluid and meconium
55
This is the permanent enlargement of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole
accompanied by the destruction of alveolar walls.
It is a primary disease in humans, but secondary disease in animals.
Pulmonary Emphysema
56
This condition, that leads to airflow imbalance, where the volume
of air entering the lungs is greater than the volume exiting,
is seen frequently in animals with bronchopneumonia
Pulmonary Emphysema
57
What are the 6 main patterns of pneumonia?
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia
Embolic Pneumonia
Granulomatous Pneumonia
58
Bacteria can be implicated in causing which 4 patterns of pneumonia?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Embolic pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia
59
Infection by a viral agent would most likely cause
which pattern of pneumonia?
Interstitial (Diffuse) Pneumonia
60
*IBR* causes this type of pneumonia in cattle
Interstitial
61
Syncytial cells are seen in which two viruses of cattle
that cause interstitial pneumonia?
*Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)*
62
Calves with BLAD (Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency) are
highly susceptible to this form of pneumonia, caused by many agents,
like respiratory viruses, *Mycoplasma spp.*, and many opportunistic bacterial pathogens.
Bovine Enzootic Pneumonia- Chronic Suppurative Bronchopneumonia
63
Shipping Fever in cattle, results in __________ bronchopneumonia
_Fibrinous_ Bronchopneumonia
64
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia, caused by Shipping Fever in cattle,
presents as a marbled appearance of the pulmonary parenchyma due
to **coagulation necrosis**. What is the pathogen responsible?
*Mannheimia haemolytica*
Biotype A Serotype 1
65
This is the most economically important respiratory disease of cattle
in North America, especially feedlot cattle. It presents as exudative
lesions comprised of edema and fibrin, found near the tracheal bifurcation.
*Pneumonic Mannheimosis* (Shipping Fever)
Results in Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
66
Which respiratory disease of cattle cannot cause disease alone and must have
stressors to impair defense mechanisms?
Shipping Fever
67
*BHV-1, PI-3, and BRSV*
can predispose cattle to this respiratory condition
characterized by "oat-shaped cells" or "swirling macrophages"
Shipping Fever/ *Pneumonic Mannheimosis*
68
This pathogen causes suppurative OR fibrinous pneumonia in cattle
and the fibrinous type is almost indistinguishable from *Mannheimia haemolytica*
Respiratory Histophilosis
## Footnote
*Histophilus somni*
69
This is the bacterial agent in cattle that can cause Granulomatous Pneumonia
*Mycoplasma bovis*
70
This parasite of cattle can cause
chronic bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia OR granulomatous pneumonia
depending on which stage of its life cycle it is in.
*Dictyocaulus viviparus*
71
*Dictyocaulus **viviparus*** is a parasite of cattle and deer.
Which species of *Dictyocaulus* is found in sheep and goats?
Which one is found in horses and donkeys?
* Dictyocaulus filaria*: Sheep/Goats
* Dictyocaulus arnfieldi*: Horses/Donkeys
72
The larval migration of *Dictyocaulus viviparus* in cattle
causes this type of pneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia
73
This type of pneumonia of cattle
is characterized by the presence of
Edema
Interstitial emphysema
Hyaline membranes
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonias of Cattle (AIP)
74
In AIP of cattle, diffuse alveolar damage along with
Type II Pneumocyte hyperplasia, causes the formation of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hyaline membranes
75
Describe the pathogenesis of "Fog Fever" a.k.a.
Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
**L-tryptophan** from lush grass in fog pasture is eaten and metabolized
to **3-methylindole** in the rumen. It is absorbed and carried to the lungs
where is is *oxidatively metabolized* by **Clara cells**
resulting in a highly pnumotoxic compound
which causes necrosis of *Bronchiolar epithelial cells* and *Type I Pneumocytes*
76
**Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis**, which occurs commonly in adult dairy cows in the
winter, is also known and **"Farmer's Lung"** in humans.
Inhalation of fungal spores from **moldy hay** results in
deposition of **Ag-Ab** complexes
causing this type of reaction.
Type III Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
77
Reinfection Syndrome is
a Hypersensitivity reaction in cattle
to which two agents?
* Dictyocaulus spp.*
* BRSV*
78
Milk Allergy Syndrome in cattle occurs when
cows are sensitized to their own **casein** and **lactalbumin**
What type of Hypersensitivity is this?
Type I Hypersensitivity
79
You're a cow farmer in Russia with a big pasture for the cows to graze on.
This alcoholic moves next door and all he does is drink vodka and make vodka,
the traditional Russian way, out of potatoes. You notice that some of
your cows are getting sick of some respiratory illness.
You check the grounds and realize that fucking Oleg has been throwing his
potato remnants in your pasture, so now you're gonna have to curbstomp him.
Why are you pissed?
Because your cows have been ingesting **Moldy Potatoes**
which contain **4-ipomeanol**, which is metabolized by oxidases in the lung
by **Clara Cells** into a **potent pneumotoxicant**.
Stupid Oleg. This is why fences make good neighbors.
80
This is a lifelong persistent disease of sheep caused by
an ovine lentivirus that results in Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP).
Sheep have a good appetite but slowly become more and more
emaciated regardless.
*Maedi-Visna*
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
81
The agent that causes lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia in sheep
with *Maedi-Visna (OPP)* is similar to the agent that causes the same
type of pneumonia in goats.
What is the condition in goats called?
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
82
Which pathogen causes *Septicemia Pasteurellosis*
in lambs **under 3 months old**, resulting in
necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia, and DIC?
*Mannheimia haemolytica* BIOTYPE A
83
Which pathogen causes *Septicemia Pasteurellosis*
in lambs under **5 to 12 months old**, resulting in
necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia, and DIC?
*Bibersteinia trehalosi* BIOTYPE T
84
This nematode parasite causes
Multifocal Subpleural Pneumonitis in **small ruminants**
but causes Chronic Bronchopneumonia in **large ruminants**
*Muelleris capillaris*
"Hair Lungworm"
85
Verminous bronchitis is caused by
this parasite, known as the "Sheep and Goat Lungworm"
*Dictyocaulus filaria*
86
Goddammit. Your horses Pepper has pneumonia.
If you know that it has a viral etiology, and that the pattern is
a transient bronchointerstitial pneumonia,
which agents could be causing it?
* EHV-1, EHV-4*
* Equine Influenza*
* Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)*
* Equine Adenovirus*
87
This agent is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in **foals** worldwide.
Infection results in a **Chronic Pyogranulomatous Pneumonia**
and **Pyogranulomatous Enterocolitis/Lymphadenitis.**
It's potentially zoonotic in the fact that it can infect people
with immunosuppression, like AIDS or chemotherapy.
*Rhodococcus equi*
88
This yeast-like fungus causes an interstitial pneumonia in
**Arabian Foals with SCID**
**Jack Russel Terriers**
**Pigs with PRRS or PMWS**
It is also one of the most common and often fatal complication in
**AIDS patients**
*Pneumocystis carinii*
89
Which parasite causes verminous or catarrhal bronchitis
in pigs? It's present in St. Kitts, and the parasites preferentially
migrate to the terminal bronchi of the caudal diaphragmatic lung lobes
*Metastrongylus spp.*
90
This virus in pigs is characterized by
late term abortions and still-births in **adult pigs**
and
interstitial pneumonia in **young pigs**
Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
91
Pigs with interstitial pneumonia cause by the viral syndrome
*PRRS*, are prone to secondary infections by
this agent
*Pneumocystis carinii*
92
*Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2)*
causes interstitial pneumonia in piglets
with this syndrome
*Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)*
93
Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia is the name of a
highly contagious fungal pneumonia in pigs.
It results in **mild to moderate suppurative or catarrhal bronchopneumonia with**
**BALT hyperplasia**
What is the causative agent?
*Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae*
94
*Haemophilus parasuis* causes
a **fibrinous pneumonia** in pigs ages 3 weeks to 4 months.
It can also cause meningoencephalitis and polyathritis.
What is the name of this disease?
GLASSER'S DISEASE!
95
**Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia**
is a **fibrinous bronchopneumonia** that is often fatal and
characterized by hemorrhage, thrombosis, and necrosis.
What is the causative agent?
*Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae*
96
Kennel Cough and Canine Distemper
are examples of ____________ pneumonias in dogs
_infectious_
97
What two agents are responsible for causing non-infectious pneumonia
in dogs?
Uremia
Paraquat Toxicity (herbicide)
98
Which 4 viruses can cause pneumonia in dogs?
* Canine Distemper*
* CAV-2*
* CHV-1*
* Canine Influenza Virus*
99
What two mycotic agents can cause Granulomatous Pneumonia
in dogs?
* Blastomyces dermatitidis*
* Histoplasma spp.*
100
Pneumonia is RARE in which species of animal?
CATS
101
What parasite is known as the "cat lungworm"?
*Aelurostrongylus abstrusus*
102
Snuffles is a common disease in domestic rabbits that causes
**fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia**
as well as repro tract and ear infections. What is the causative agent?
*Pasteurella multocida*
103
Emus are stupid. I mean look at them. They're big, ugly birds, with tiny little
brains and all they do is FLAP FLAP FLAP
their fuckin' wings all day and GO NOWHERE
because they can't use them to fly....what the fuck kind of bird....ugh anyway...
They can get this **granulomatous** pneumonia called Mycotic Air Sacculitis.
What's it caused by?
*Aspergillus spp.*
104
T/F:
Primary pulmonary tumors are RARE in animals, but common in humans
TRUE
105
The most common type of primary pulmonary neoplasm
Carcinomas
106
This type of primary pulmonary neoplasm is found in
mature sheep worldwide, except for NZ and AUS,
and is caused by a **transmissible reovirus!**
Ovine Pulmonary Carcinoma (Pulmonary Adenomatosis)
107
Chronic Liver Disease can result in this pleural cavity condition
Hydrothorax
108
*Pasteurella multocida* can result in this pleural cavity condition
Pyothorax
109
If a dog has a ruptured aortic aneurysm, what type of pleural cavity condition
should you expect to see?
Hemothorax
110
This agent causes chronic pleuritis with "sulfur granules" in cats
*Nocardia asteroides*
111
In humans, mesothelioma is caused by the inhalation of asbestos.
In this species of animal, mesothelioma can be **congenital!**
CATTLE!
