Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the relationship of the kidneys to the cardiovascular system?
(3)

Answer 1

1) The kidneys filter about 1L of blood per minute.
2) If cardiac output is decreased, the amount of blood going through the kidneys is decreased; urinary output is decreased. Therefore, a decreased urinary output may be a sign of cardia problems
3) When the kidney’s produce and excrete 0.5mL of urine/kg of body weight or average 30mL/hour output,, the blood supply is considered to be minimally adequate to perfuse the vital organs.

Question 2

Angina is caused by

Answer 2

Myocardial ischemia.

Question 3

Which cardia medications would be appropriate for acute angina?

Answer 3

1)Nitroglycerin- causes dilation of the coronary arteries allowing more 02 to get to the heart muscles.

Question 4

What does Digoxin do to the heart?

Answer 4

It increases the strength and contractility of the heart muscle.

Question 5

What does Atropine do to the heart?

Answer 5

It increases heart rate by blocking vagal stimulation, which suppress the heart rate.

Question 6

What does Propranolol do to the heart?

Answer 6

Used for long term management for stable angina because it acts as a beta blacker to control vasoconstriction.

Question 7

What is important to remember when administering medications and treatments in patients with myocardial infarctions?

Answer 7

M-Morphine
0-Oxygen
N- Nitroglycerin
A- Aspirin

Question 8

What are the risk factors for HTN?

Answer 8

Hereditary 
Race
Age 
Alcohol abuse
Increased salt take
Obesity
Use of oral contraceptive

Question 9

What is the number one cause of stroke in HTN clients?

Answer 9

Noncompliance with medication regieme

Question 10

What is the normal adult BUN

Answer 10

10-20

Question 11

What is the normal creatinine level

Answer 11

0.6-1.2 mg/dl

Question 12

How does heparin work?

Answer 12

Prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and

prevents prothrombin to thrombin thereby preventing clot formation.

Question 13

What is the antidote for heparin?

Answer 13

protamine sulfate

Question 14

What is the antidote for Coumadin?

Answer 14

Vitamin K

Question 15

Normal therapeutic range for PT and PTT?

Answer 15

1.5-2.5

Question 16

What is cardioversion?

Answer 16

Delivery of synchronized electrical shocks to the myocardium

Question 17

what are synchronous or demand pacemakers?

Answer 17

Pacemaker fires only when the clients heart rate falls below a rate set on the generator

Question 18

What are asynchronous or fixed pacemakers?

Answer 18

Pacemaker fires at a constant rate

Question 19

Restricting sodium reduces salt and water retention thereby..

Answer 19

reducing vascular volume and preload to the heart

Question 20

Side effects of digitalis are increased when the client is

Answer 20

hypokalemic

Question 21

Digitalis has a negative chronotrophic effect. What does that mean?

Answer 21

It slows the heart rate

Question 22

Hold digitalis if the pulse rate is

Answer 22

below 60

Question 23

What are signs of digitalis toxicity?

Answer 23

Bradycardia, tachycardia, and dysrhythmias.

n/v and headache

Question 24

What is pericarditis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of the lining of the heart and is detected by a friction rub, ST segment elevation, and t wave inversion.

Question 25

How do clients experiencing angina describe that pain?

Answer 25

Described as a squeezing, heavy, burning pain that radiates to the left arm or shoulder. Is transient or prolonged

Question 26

What is the teaching plan for a client taking nitroglycerin?

Answer 26

- Take at the first sign of angina pain - Take no more than 3 5 min apart - Call for emergency attention if no relief in 10 minutes

Question 27

List the parameter of BP for diagnosing HTN?

Answer 27

BP > 140/90

Question 28

Differentiate between essential and secondary HTN?

Answer 28

Essential HTN; no known cause | Secondary HTN; develops in response to an identifiable mechanism

Question 29

Develop a teaching plan for a client taking antiHTN medications?

Answer 29

- Explain how and when to take medications - Reason for medication - Necessity of compliance - Need for follow-up visits while on medications - Need for certain lab tests - Vital sign parameters while initiating therapy

Question 30

Describe intermittent claudication?

Answer 30

Pain related to PVD. | Pain occurs with exercise and disappears at rest

Question 31

What lab value should be monitored daily in a client with thrombophlebitis who is undergoing anticoagulant therapy

Answer 31

``` PTT PT Hgb Hct Platelets ```

Question 32

When do PVC's present grave dangers?

Answer 32

When they begin to occur more often that 1 in 10 beats, occurs in 2's or 3's, lands near a t wave, or take on multiple configurations

Question 33

Differentiate between the symptoms of L-sided HF and R-sided HF?

Answer 33

Left: Pulmonary congestion; backup of circulation in the left ventricle Right: Peripheral congestion: back up of circulation in the right ventricle

Question 34

List 3 symptoms of digitalis toxicity

Answer 34

Dysrhythmias Headache N/V

Question 35

What condition increases that likelihood that digitalis toxicity will occur?

Answer 35

hypokalemia

Question 36

What lifestyle changes can the client who is at risk for HTN initiate to reduce the likelihood of becoming HTN?

Answer 36

- Cease cigarette smoking - Control weight - Exercise regularly - Maintain a low fat low cholesterol diet

Question 37

What immediate actions should the nurse implement when a client is having a myocardial infarction?

Answer 37

- Strict bedrest to lower O2 demands - Administer O2 by nasal cannula 2-5L/min - Alleviate pain and anxiety

Question 38

What symptoms should the nurse expect to find in a client with hypokalemia?

Answer 38

- Dry mouth - Thirst - Drowsiness and lethargy - Muscle weakness and aches - Tachycardia

Question 39

Brady cardia is defined as a heart rate below

Answer 39

60

Question 40

Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate above

Answer 40

100

Question 41

What precautions should clients with valve disease take prior to invasive procedures or dental work?

Answer 41

Prophylactic antibiotics

Question 42

Describe the nurse's discharge instructions to a client with venous PVD

Answer 42

- Keep extremities elevated when sitting - Rest at first sign of pain - Keep extremities warm - Change position often - Avoid crossing legs - Wear unrestrictive clothing

Question 43

What is often the underlying cause of an abdominal aortic aneurysm

Answer 43

atherosclerosis