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HESI NCLEX-RN EXAMINATION > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship of the kidneys to the cardiovascular system?
(3)

A

1) The kidneys filter about 1L of blood per minute.
2) If cardiac output is decreased, the amount of blood going through the kidneys is decreased; urinary output is decreased. Therefore, a decreased urinary output may be a sign of cardia problems
3) When the kidney’s produce and excrete 0.5mL of urine/kg of body weight or average 30mL/hour output,, the blood supply is considered to be minimally adequate to perfuse the vital organs.

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2
Q

Angina is caused by

A

Myocardial ischemia.

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3
Q

Which cardia medications would be appropriate for acute angina?

A

1)Nitroglycerin- causes dilation of the coronary arteries allowing more 02 to get to the heart muscles.

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4
Q

What does Digoxin do to the heart?

A

It increases the strength and contractility of the heart muscle.

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5
Q

What does Atropine do to the heart?

A

It increases heart rate by blocking vagal stimulation, which suppress the heart rate.

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6
Q

What does Propranolol do to the heart?

A

Used for long term management for stable angina because it acts as a beta blacker to control vasoconstriction.

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7
Q

What is important to remember when administering medications and treatments in patients with myocardial infarctions?

A

M-Morphine
0-Oxygen
N- Nitroglycerin
A- Aspirin

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for HTN?

A 
Hereditary 
Race
Age 
Alcohol abuse
Increased salt take
Obesity
Use of oral contraceptive
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9
Q

What is the number one cause of stroke in HTN clients?

A

Noncompliance with medication regieme

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10
Q

What is the normal adult BUN

A

10-20

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11
Q

What is the normal creatinine level

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dl

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12
Q

How does heparin work?

A

Prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and

prevents prothrombin to thrombin thereby preventing clot formation.

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13
Q

What is the antidote for heparin?

A

protamine sulfate

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14
Q

What is the antidote for Coumadin?

A

Vitamin K

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15
Q

Normal therapeutic range for PT and PTT?

A

1.5-2.5

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16
Q

What is cardioversion?

A

Delivery of synchronized electrical shocks to the myocardium

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17
Q

what are synchronous or demand pacemakers?

A

Pacemaker fires only when the clients heart rate falls below a rate set on the generator

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18
Q

What are asynchronous or fixed pacemakers?

A

Pacemaker fires at a constant rate

19
Q

Restricting sodium reduces salt and water retention thereby..

A

reducing vascular volume and preload to the heart

20
Q

Side effects of digitalis are increased when the client is

A

hypokalemic

21
Q

Digitalis has a negative chronotrophic effect. What does that mean?

A

It slows the heart rate

22
Q

Hold digitalis if the pulse rate is

A

below 60

23
Q

What are signs of digitalis toxicity?

A

Bradycardia, tachycardia, and dysrhythmias.

n/v and headache

24
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the heart and is detected by a friction rub, ST segment elevation, and t wave inversion.

25
Q

How do clients experiencing angina describe that pain?

A

Described as a squeezing, heavy, burning pain that radiates to the left arm or shoulder. Is transient or prolonged

26
Q

What is the teaching plan for a client taking nitroglycerin?

A
  • Take at the first sign of angina pain
  • Take no more than 3 5 min apart
  • Call for emergency attention if no relief in 10 minutes
27
Q

List the parameter of BP for diagnosing HTN?

A

BP > 140/90

28
Q

Differentiate between essential and secondary HTN?

A

Essential HTN; no known cause

Secondary HTN; develops in response to an identifiable mechanism

29
Q

Develop a teaching plan for a client taking antiHTN medications?

A
  • Explain how and when to take medications
  • Reason for medication
  • Necessity of compliance
  • Need for follow-up visits while on medications
  • Need for certain lab tests
  • Vital sign parameters while initiating therapy
30
Q

Describe intermittent claudication?

A

Pain related to PVD.

Pain occurs with exercise and disappears at rest

31
Q

What lab value should be monitored daily in a client with thrombophlebitis who is undergoing anticoagulant therapy

A 
PTT
PT
Hgb
Hct 
Platelets
32
Q

When do PVC’s present grave dangers?

A

When they begin to occur more often that 1 in 10 beats, occurs in 2’s or 3’s, lands near a t wave, or take on multiple configurations

33
Q

Differentiate between the symptoms of L-sided HF and R-sided HF?

A

Left: Pulmonary congestion; backup of circulation in the left ventricle
Right: Peripheral congestion: back up of circulation in the right ventricle

34
Q

List 3 symptoms of digitalis toxicity

A

Dysrhythmias
Headache
N/V

35
Q

What condition increases that likelihood that digitalis toxicity will occur?

A

hypokalemia

36
Q

What lifestyle changes can the client who is at risk for HTN initiate to reduce the likelihood of becoming HTN?

A
  • Cease cigarette smoking
  • Control weight
  • Exercise regularly
  • Maintain a low fat low cholesterol diet
37
Q

What immediate actions should the nurse implement when a client is having a myocardial infarction?

A
  • Strict bedrest to lower O2 demands
  • Administer O2 by nasal cannula 2-5L/min
  • Alleviate pain and anxiety
38
Q

What symptoms should the nurse expect to find in a client with hypokalemia?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Thirst
  • Drowsiness and lethargy
  • Muscle weakness and aches
  • Tachycardia
39
Q

Brady cardia is defined as a heart rate below

A

60

40
Q

Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate above

A

100

41
Q

What precautions should clients with valve disease take prior to invasive procedures or dental work?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics

42
Q

Describe the nurse’s discharge instructions to a client with venous PVD

A
  • Keep extremities elevated when sitting
  • Rest at first sign of pain
  • Keep extremities warm
  • Change position often
  • Avoid crossing legs
  • Wear unrestrictive clothing
43
Q

What is often the underlying cause of an abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis

HESI NCLEX-RN EXAMINATION (6 decks)

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