Cardiovascular system

Question 1

What causes arrhythmias?

Answer 1

abnormal electrical impulses giving irregular pulse

Question 2

What two factors influence cardiac output?

Answer 2

Age

body surface area

Question 3

What is the role of the blood?

Answer 3

Transport - O2 and nutrients
Removal of waste - CO2
Coagulation
Distribution of drugs
pH and temperature regulation

Question 4

What are the four components in the blood?

Answer 4

Plasma
leukocytes
erythrocytes
platelets/thrombocytes

Question 5

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

Answer 5

Dissolves substances
Transport medium - glucose, lipids, hormones etc
Contains proteins - maintain oncotic pressure, transport drugs

Question 6

What is the most abundant plasma protein in the blood?

Answer 6

Albumin

Question 7

Does albumin bind acid, basic or neutral drugs?

Answer 7

Acidic and neutral drugs

Question 8

does a1 acidic glycoprotein bind acidic or basic drugs?

Answer 8

basic

Question 9

The levels of albumin are constant at all ages. True or false?

Answer 9

False - the levels of albumin vary with age

Question 10

Variation of drug binding is independent of the concentration of alpha-acid glycoprotein. True or false?

Answer 10

False - it depends on the conc

Question 11

Where are leukocytes produced?

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

What are the three cell types of leukocytes?

Answer 12

neutrophils -
monocytes/macrophages
lymphocytes

Question 13

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 13

phagocytosis, destruction of bacteria - first responders to infection

Question 14

What is the function of monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 14

Phagocytosis

Question 15

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 15

Immune response

Question 16

What is neutropenia?

Answer 16

A low neutrophil count which is a common side effect of chemotherapy

Question 17

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 17

low number of thrombocytes - can lead to excessive bleeding

Question 18

What is thrombocytosis?

Answer 18

A high number of thrombocytes - increased formation of blood clots - can lead to myocardial infarction/stroke

Question 19

What is the function of platelets/thrombocytes?

Answer 19

Blood clotting

Question 20

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Answer 20

maintenance of blood flow and vascular tonus

role in respiration - O2 and CO2

Question 21

Which component in the blood contains haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 21

erythrocytes

Question 22

carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes is important in the elimination of _______

Answer 22

CO2

Question 23

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 23

a network of lymphnodes, ducts and vessels - produces and transports lymph

Question 24

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 24

produces immune cells - lymphocytes and monocytes
role in the absorption of monoclonal antibodies
return excess fluid to blood circulation

Question 25

What are HDLs?

Answer 25

carry cholesterol from tissues to liver for metabolism or excretion

Question 26

What are LDLs?

Answer 26

carry cholesterol to cells where build up can occur e.g. artery walls

Question 27

What can cause hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 27

Genetic factors Environmental factors - obesity Secondary causes - type 2 diabetes

Question 28

What are the consequences of hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 28

Increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Question 29

How can hypercholesterolemia be treated?

Answer 29

Statins and lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)

Question 30

What are the roles of the circulatory system?

Answer 30

Allow cells to exchange substances with each other and the environment (O2 and CO2) Regulation of blood pressure and flow Produce immune cells - lymphatic system

Question 31

What are the four determinants of blood pressure?

Answer 31

Cardiac output expansion/retraction of blood vessels peripheral resistance blood volume

Question 32

Which has a thicker muscular wall and why, arteries or veins?

Answer 32

Arteries because the pressure in them is much higher

Question 33

All arteries carry oxygenated blood. True or false?

Answer 33

False - the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood

Question 34

All veins carry blood with low levels of oxygen. True or false?

Answer 34

False - the pulmonary vein carrys oxygen rich blood

Question 35

What is the role of valves?

Answer 35

Prevent back flow of blood

Question 36

Which organs are highly perfused?

Answer 36

Kidneys Liver Brain Lungs

Question 37

Which organs are poorly perfused?

Answer 37

Adipose | Skin

Question 38

Is blood flow equal to all organs?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 39

Blood vessels constrict so they have a reduced diameter so more blood is available to other sites

Question 40

What is vasodilation?

Answer 40

Blood vessels dilate so there is a decrease in blood presssure and vascular resistance

Question 41

What is the RAAS?

Answer 41

Plays a role in the pathology of cardiovascular disease. Under normal conditions, it is stimulated in response to threats that compromise the stability of blood pressure

Question 42

What is cardiac output?

Answer 42

The volume of blood pumped by the heart

Question 43

What does the right side of the heart do?

Answer 43

Collects deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to the lungs via the right ventricle

Question 44

What does the left side of the heart do?

Answer 44

Collects oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium to the left ventricle and supplies it to the body via the aorta

Question 45

How does venous blood (low in O2, high in CO2) move through the heart?

Answer 45

It moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. It exits to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

Question 46

How does blood rich in O2 and low in CO2 move through the heart?

Answer 46

Leaves the lungs and enters heart via pulmonary vein. Moves through to left atrium and then left ventrical via the mitral valve. It is then pumped out to body via the aorta

Question 47

What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Answer 47

mitral valve

Question 48

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Answer 48

tricuspid valve

Question 49

What is systole?

Answer 49

Contraction

Question 50

What is diastole?

Answer 50

Relaxation