Cardiovascular System (Adult) pt.1

Question 1

What is coronary artery disease?

Answer 1

Any group of symptoms attributed to obstruction of the coronary arteries

Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.

Question 2

What causes coronary artery disease?

Answer 2

Plaque buildup in the wall of the coronary arteries

Plaque is made up of cholesterol deposits.

Question 3

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 3

The process of plaque buildup causing the inside of the arteries to narrow over time.

Question 4

What is ischemic heart disease?

Answer 4

Coronary arteries gradually narrow over many years, leading to reduced oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Question 5

What is acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 5

Sudden occlusion of one or more coronary arteries due to plaque rupture forming a clot.

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Coronary artery disease is caused by _______.

Answer 6

plaque buildup

Question 7

True or False: Atherosclerosis is a process that leads to the widening of coronary arteries.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

List the two forms of coronary artery disease.

Answer 8

• Ischemic heart disease
• Acute Coronary Syndrome

Question 9

What happens during acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 9

Decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

Question 10

What is Angina Pectoris?

Answer 10

Chest discomfort resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygen to meet the demands of the heart muscles (myocardial tissue).

Angina pectoris is a symptom of coronary artery disease.

Question 11

What is stable angina?

Answer 11

The most common type of angina, triggered by physical activity or stress, lasts a few minutes, and goes away with rest.

Stable angina is predictable and often occurs with exertion.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of unstable angina?

Answer 12

Occurs even at rest, the pain can be strong and long-lasting, and may recur frequently.

Unstable angina is a medical emergency and may indicate an impending heart attack.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The most common type of angina is _______.

Answer 13

[Stable angina]

Question 14

True or False: Unstable angina occurs only during physical activity.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What is an infarcted area of the heart?

Answer 15

An area where tissue dies (necrosis) from inadequate oxygen supply.

Question 16

What is the primary cause of Acute Myocardial Infarction?

Answer 16

Prolonged occlusion of coronary arteries.

Question 17

What are two causes of Acute Myocardial Infarction?

Answer 17

• Atherosclerotic lesion
• Acute or chronic blockage of a coronary artery

Question 18

True or False: Acute Myocardial Infarction occurs when there is excessive oxygen supply to the heart.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Fill in the blank: An infarcted area of the heart is caused by _______.

Answer 19

[prolonged occlusion of coronary arteries]

Question 20

What are the criteria for diagnosis?

Answer 20

At least 2 of the following:
* Ischemic symptoms
* Diagnostic ECG changes
* Serum cardiac marker elevations

These criteria are used to diagnose conditions such as myocardial infarction.

Question 21

What constitutes ischemic symptoms?

Answer 21

Symptoms that indicate reduced blood flow to the heart

Ischemic symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and discomfort in other areas of the upper body.

Question 22

What are diagnostic ECG changes?

Answer 22

Alterations in the electrocardiogram that indicate heart issues

Examples include ST-segment elevation or depression, T-wave inversions, and abnormal Q waves.

Question 23

What are serum cardiac marker elevations?

Answer 23

Increased levels of specific proteins in the blood that indicate heart muscle damage

Common markers include troponin I, troponin T, and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB).

Question 24

Fill in the blank: Diagnosis requires at least two of the following: ischemic symptoms, diagnostic ECG changes, and _______.

Answer 24

Serum cardiac marker elevations

This indicates the presence of potential heart damage or ischemia.

Question 25

What is one of the nursing diagnoses for myocardial infarction?

Answer 25

Acute Pain ## Footnote This refers to the immediate and severe pain experienced by patients during a heart attack.

Question 26

List a nursing diagnosis related to physical capability in myocardial infarction.

Answer 26

Activity Intolerance ## Footnote This diagnosis indicates the patient's inability to perform activities due to cardiac limitations.

Question 27

What nursing diagnosis addresses emotional response in myocardial infarction patients?

Answer 27

Anxiety ## Footnote Anxiety may arise due to fear of death, uncertainty about health status, or potential lifestyle changes.

Question 28

Identify a nursing diagnosis that involves the risk of insufficient blood flow in myocardial infarction.

Answer 28

Risk for Decreased Cardiac Output ## Footnote This diagnosis indicates the potential for the heart to pump less effectively following a heart attack.

Question 29

What is a nursing diagnosis that indicates a risk related to circulation in myocardial infarction?

Answer 29

Risk for Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion ## Footnote This diagnosis signifies the potential for inadequate blood flow to extremities or organs.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: A nursing diagnosis for myocardial infarction that indicates a concern for fluid balance is _______.

Answer 30

Risk for Imbalanced Fluid Volume ## Footnote This diagnosis reflects concerns about fluid overload or deficit that can occur post-myocardial infarction.

Question 31

What nursing diagnosis pertains to the patient's understanding of their condition in myocardial infarction?

Answer 31

Deficient Knowledge ## Footnote This diagnosis highlights the need for education regarding the condition, treatment, and lifestyle changes.

Question 32

What is the first nursing priority?

Answer 32

Relieve pain and anxiety ## Footnote Pain and anxiety management is crucial for patient comfort and recovery.

Question 33

What is the second nursing priority?

Answer 33

Reduce myocardial workload ## Footnote This involves minimizing stress on the heart to prevent further complications.

Question 34

What is the third nursing priority?

Answer 34

Prevent/detect and assist in the treatment of life-threatening dysrhythmias or complications ## Footnote Monitoring and intervention are essential to manage serious heart rhythm issues.

Question 35

What is the fourth nursing priority?

Answer 35

Promote cardiac health and self-care ## Footnote Educating patients on lifestyle choices can improve long-term heart health.

Question 36

What should be administered along with medication therapy to assist with relief of symptoms?

Answer 36

Oxygen ## Footnote Oxygen therapy is crucial for patients experiencing respiratory distress or hypoxia.

Question 37

What characteristics should be monitored and documented regarding pain?

Answer 37

Characteristics of pain ## Footnote This includes intensity, location, quality, and duration of pain.

Question 38

Name one type of medication that can be administered as an antianginal.

Answer 38

Nitroglycerin ## Footnote Nitroglycerin is commonly used to relieve angina pectoris.

Question 39

What is one type of analgesic that can be administered?

Answer 39

Morphine ## Footnote Morphine is used for pain relief in various medical conditions.

Question 40

What type of medication is administered for myocardial infarction (MI)?

Answer 40

Anticoagulants ## Footnote Anticoagulants help to prevent blood clots in patients with MI.

Question 41

What should be closely monitored in a patient regarding cardiac status?

Answer 41

Changes in cardiac rate and rhythm, heart sounds, blood pressure, chest pain, respiratory status, urinary output, changes in skin color, and laboratory values ## Footnote These parameters are critical for assessing the patient's cardiovascular health.

Question 42

What position should be encouraged for a patient to help decrease chest discomfort and dyspnea?

Answer 42

Bed rest with the backrest elevated ## Footnote Elevating the backrest can improve lung expansion and reduce discomfort.

Question 43

What should be encouraged to prevent fluid from pooling in the lungs?

Answer 43

Frequent changes of position ## Footnote Position changes can help promote lung drainage and improve ventilation.

Question 44

What should be checked frequently to monitor tissue perfusion?

Answer 44

Skin temperature and peripheral pulses ## Footnote These assessments can indicate adequate blood flow to extremities.

Question 45

How should information be provided to the patient?

Answer 45

In an honest and supportive manner ## Footnote Effective communication is essential for patient trust and understanding.