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ADULTS BY (OMAR LAS3AD X AMR ABDELHAMID) > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

hat are the major organs of the immune system?

A
  • Red Marrow
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes & vessels
  • Tonsils & Adenoids
  • Appendix & Peyer’s patches
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2
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Defends body against disease using white blood cells to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability to resist infection and disease

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4
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocyte (B lymphocyte & T lymphocyte)
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5
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

Site of stem cell production and creation of white blood cells

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6
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Below the sternum

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7
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filters blood cells and destroys worn out blood cells, engulfs debris

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8
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph and can become swollen when infected

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9
Q

What is the function of tonsils and adenoids?

A

Trap and remove pathogens and foreign materials entering the mouth or nose

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10
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Located in the intestinal wall, encounter pathogens that enter through the intestinal tract

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11
Q

What are innate defenses?

A

Nonspecific defenses we are born with, responding immediately to harmful agents

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12
Q

What are adaptive defenses?

A

Specific defenses that develop over time, involving lymphocytes

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13
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

Proteins that recognize and bind to antigens, marking pathogens for destruction

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The immune system is the body’s ______ against disease.

A

defense system

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15
Q

True or False: The immune system can only respond to pathogens it has previously encountered.

A

False

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16
Q

What are the two types of specific defense?

A
  • Antibody Mediated Immunity
  • Cell Mediated Immunity
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17
Q

What is active immunity?

A

You make antibodies in response to an antigen

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18
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

You obtain antibodies from another source

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19
Q

What triggers allergic reactions?

A

The immune system’s response to harmless substances

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20
Q

What are common symptoms of allergies?

A
  • Hives
  • Itching
  • Swelling
  • Tightness of chest
  • Difficulty breathing
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21
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

A severe allergic reaction that can cause choking due to a constricted airway

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22
Q

What occurs in autoimmune diseases?

A

The immune system attacks its own tissues

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23
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and degeneration in connective tissues

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24
Q

What is the consequence of rheumatoid arthritis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Loss of articular surfaces due to damage from pannus

25
What is phagocytosis?
The process by which cells 'eat' and destroy pathogens
26
True or False: The appendix plays no role in the immune system.
False
27
What do cytotoxic T-cells do?
Kill infected self-cells by injecting toxic chemicals
28
What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to in the immune system?
A balanced state of the body's internal environment
29
What are the first lines of defense in the immune system?
* Skin * Sweat * Mucus * Tears
30
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
WBCs designed to eat pathogens
31
What process produces enzymes within the joint that break down collagen?
Phagocytosis ## Footnote This process leads to edema, proliferation of the synovial membrane, and ultimately pannus formation.
32
What is the consequence of pannus formation in rheumatoid arthritis?
Destroys cartilage and erodes bone ## Footnote This results in loss of articular surfaces and joint motion.
33
What degenerative changes occur in muscle fibers due to rheumatoid arthritis?
Muscle fibers undergo degenerative changes, and tendon and ligament elasticity and contractile power are lost.
34
What are some known causes of diffuse connective tissue diseases?
Unknown causes, immunologic abnormalities, genetics, infectious agents, female hormones, environmental factors, occupational exposures.
35
What percentage of rheumatoid arthritis cases occur in women, and what is a contributing factor?
70% ## Footnote Contributing factor includes fluctuations of female hormones.
36
List some environmental factors that may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis.
* Smoke * Air pollution * Occupational exposures (e.g., silica, mineral oil)
37
What are some clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
* Joint pain * Swelling * Warmth * Erythema * Lack of function * Deformities
38
What are rheumatoid nodules, and where are they typically found?
Small subcutaneous nodules present at the extensor surfaces of hand, wrist, elbow, and back in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
39
What is the most common symptom of articular manifestation in rheumatoid arthritis?
Pain and swelling in affected joint aggravated by movement.
40
Fill in the blank: Morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis lasts for _______.
≥1 hr
41
What hematological changes can occur in rheumatoid arthritis?
* Normocytic normochromic anemia * Leucocytosis/leucopenia * Thrombocytosis
42
What is Felty’s syndrome in the context of rheumatoid arthritis?
Chronic nodular rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly and neutropenia.
43
Name some laboratory studies used for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.
* Rheumatoid factor (RF) * Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) * C-reactive protein (CRP) * Antinuclear antibody (ANA) * Anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) * Synovial fluid analysis * X-rays of involved joints * Bone scan
44
What are the treatment modalities for rheumatoid arthritis?
* NSAIDs * Steroids * DMARDs (Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Agents) * Immunosuppressive therapy * Biological therapies * Surgery
45
What is the dose and monitoring requirement for Hydroxychloroquine?
200mg twice daily x 3 months, then once daily; monitoring includes fundoscopy & perimetry yearly.
46
What side effects are associated with Methotrexate?
* GI upset * Hepatotoxicity * Bone marrow suppression * Pulmonary fibrosis
47
What is a nursing diagnosis related to pain in rheumatoid arthritis?
Acute and chronic pain related to inflammation and increased disease activity.
48
What nursing intervention can help relieve pain and discomfort in rheumatoid arthritis?
Provide comfort measures such as application of heat or cold, massage, position changes, rest, and relaxation techniques.
49
What should be assessed to increase mobility in rheumatoid arthritis patients?
Need for occupational or physical therapy consultation and range of motion of affected joints.
50
How can a nurse help improve a patient's body image and coping skills?
* Help patient identify elements of control over disease symptoms * Encourage verbalization of feelings and perceptions * Develop a plan for managing symptoms
51
What is the definition of immunodeficiency?
Production or function of immune cells is abnormal.
52
What virus attacks human white blood cells and is related to AIDS?
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
53
List the modes of HIV transmission.
* Sexual contact * Blood-to-blood contact * Using unclean needles
54
What are common clinical manifestations of HIV?
* Constitutional symptoms * Fever exceeding 38.5°C * Diarrhea exceeding 1 month * Wasting syndrome in advanced stages
55
What should be assessed in a nursing assessment for a patient with HIV?
* Nutritional status * Skin integrity * Respiratory status * Neurologic status * Fluid and electrolyte balance * Knowledge level
56
What nursing intervention promotes skin integrity in HIV patients?
Encourage avoidance of scratching and use of nonabrasive soaps and moisturizers.
57
What should be monitored to promote usual bowel patterns in HIV patients?
Frequency and consistency of stools and reports of abdominal pain or cramping.
58
What is a nursing diagnosis related to nutrition in HIV patients?
Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements related to decreased oral intake.

ADULTS BY (OMAR LAS3AD X AMR ABDELHAMID) (8 decks)

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