Cardiovascular System - Blood vessels & heart

Question 1

Pulmonary artery

Answer 1

Takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart

Question 2

Pulmonary vein

Answer 2

Takes oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

• No valves
• Handle high blood pressure
• 90 mmHg

Question 4

Struture of artery

Tunica Interna (intima)

Answer 4

• Flat thin layer with smooth squamous endothelium (allow smooth flow of blood)

Question 5

Struture of artery

Tunica Media

Answer 5

• Thick smooth muscle that contracts to restrict flow and it has elastic fibres

Question 6

Struture of artery

Tunica externa

Answer 6

• Thick layer that has elastic tissue that strech in and out to handle the high pressure

Question 7

Veins

Answer 7

• 75-80% saturation of oxygen
• Towards the heart
• Dark red in coulour
• Larger lumen compared to artery

Question 8

Intima

Answer 8

the enothelia layer no elastic adventia

Question 9

Externa

Answer 9

• Smooth muscle and elastic muscle

Question 10

Valves

Answer 10

• Prevents back flow from high hydrostatic pressure to low opening the valve in one direction

Question 11

Capillaries

Answer 11

• Network that connects the arteries and the veins
• Narrow lumen ensures diffusion rate is greater (thin endothelial cells continuously arranged for smooth flow
• In a muscular tissue to exchange nutrients

Question 12

Intercellular cleft

Answer 12

• Material could be exchanged from the lumen of cappilary to tissues

Question 13

Blood brain barrier

Answer 13

• Most tightly packed enothilial cell that are continous very small junctions meaning less toxins are able to enter

Question 14

Fenestrated

Answer 14

• intestinal villi, kidney glomerili and endocrine cells these are highly permeable to larger biomolecules through fenestre

Question 15

Sinusoid

Answer 15

• Red bone marroew and liver enabling larger molecule to prefuse protiens blood cells and waste

Question 16

Pre-capillary

Vasoconstriction/dialation

Answer 16

• The bundles of smooth muscles pread out pre-cappilaries provides elasticity

Question 17

Pre-capillaries

Sphincters

Answer 17

• Vasotone-dialation more blood to capillaries for metabolic demand such as exercise

Question 18

Complex regulation

Answer 18

• metabolic demand
• Hormonal
• Temperature

Question 19

Pericardial layer

Answer 19

• fluid layer helps to absorb the impact from dialation so it absorbs the shock so its not damages by the sternum
• provides elastisity

Question 20

Myocardium

Answer 20

• Cardiac muscle that regulates the contraction and relaxing of muscle tissue

Question 21

Edocardium

Answer 21

• inner layer of the heart

Question 22

Septum

Answer 22

• protection from heart murmmurs by ensuring seperation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 23

Left side

Bicuspid valve

Answer 23

• From atrium to ventricle from high to low hydrostatic pressure

Question 24

Tricuspid value

Answer 24

• Atrioventrical valve enables deoxyenadted oxygen from right atrium to right ventricle

Question 25

# right Pulmonary valve

Answer 25

- Enables flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

Question 26

Aortic/semi-lunar valve

Answer 26

- Flows from the left ventricle to the aorta to pump blood the the rest of the body

Question 27

Atrial kick

Answer 27

- Forceful open valve once atrium is filled in the bicuspid valve opens

Question 28

Cardiac twist

Answer 28

- Both bicuspid and tricuspid laves close makes the lub sound - When the semi-luner and the pulmonary valve close it makes a dub sound

Question 29

Blood flow in artery

Answer 29

- Cardiac output - Pressure (high to low) - Gravitational pull - Length & Diameter of artery - Blood viscosity

Question 30

Venous Return

Answer 30

- generate contraction to push blood towards the heart - Calf/skeltal muscle pump coodinated movement from valves - Pulsate arteries adjacent to the vein complement the muscle pressure and venous return

Question 31

# Venous Return Respiratory and thoratic pump | breath in

Answer 31

- Diaphragam compress abdomen cavity increases the pressure and pushes blood from abdomen cavity to thorax - Reduces pressure in thorax it sucks the blood from the abdominal cavity to thorax

Question 32

# Venous return Respiratory and thoratic pump | Breath out

Answer 32

- Increased pressure in the thorax push the blood back in the heart - Reduced pressure in the abdomen suck the blood from the lower part of the body

Question 33

Coronary Circulation

Answer 33

- Two tiny arteries leaving out the aorta enabling oxyen to the heart - Handles high pressure (irrespective of heart contraction or relaxation) - Blockage leads to the major cardiac problem- Heart Attack

Question 34

Microcirculation

Answer 34

- High hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary - Small soluble substances such O2, CO2 other gases nutrients and metabolic waste - Decrease in water potential and it has a high oncotic pressure - Causes water to enter back in at the venule end to regulate the water potential

Question 35

# Vasoconstriction Autoregulation of perfusion

Answer 35

- High oxygen and low levels of metabolic waste stimulates endothelial cells to release endothelin (peptides) - Platelets & prostaglandins are secreated - This causes the vasoconstriction of pre-capillary

Question 36

# Autoregulation of perfusion Vasodialation

Answer 36

- Lower levels of O2 but highter levels of metabolic waste - Stimulus endothelial cells to release Nitrous oxide vasodilation of precapillary - Stretching of the smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles