Respiratory system

Question 1

Function of respiratory system

Answer 1

• Ventilation movement in and out of the lungs
• External respiration exchange and transport of CO2 and O2 in the blood

Question 2

Respiration definition

Answer 2

• Cellular metabolism provides O2 needed for cellular respiration - make ATP from glucose
• Removal of toxic CO2

Question 3

Function of repiratory system

Regulation of blood pH

Answer 3

• Altering blood CO2 levels on the blood

Question 4

Functions of respiration

Voice production

Answer 4

Air movement past the vocal cords

Question 5

Functions of respiration

Olfaction

Answer 5

Airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

Question 6

Functions of respiration

Innate immunity

Answer 6

• Protects against certain microorganisms and other pathogens - preventing them from entering the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces

Question 7

Structure of respiratory system

Answer 7

– Upper repiratory tract Nose and nasal cavity
* Air enters
* Pharynx
* Larynx

Question 8

Lowere respiratory tract

Answer 8

• Trachea
  -Bronchi
• Lungs

Question 9

The lungs

Answer 9

• 2 lungs seperated by mediastinum in which the heart is situated

Question 10

How many lobes are in the lungs

Answer 10

• Left lung – 2 lobes
• Right lung – 3 lobes

Question 11

Where is the heart situated with respect to the lungs

Answer 11

• Cardiac notch left lung slightly narrower

Question 12

Lung structure detail

Answer 12

• Surrounded by
  -a pleural cavity viceral pleural
• Passage branch which decrease in size and Increase in number

Question 13

Conduction of airways

Answer 13

• Stricly for ventilation purposes
• Trachea is a cartilage that is split into left and right of bronchi bifurcation

Question 14

Bronchial tree

Answer 14

• Left and right bronchi division then secondary divion of bronchi in lobes of lung then to tertiary and finally terminal bronchi
• Top of tree is usually lots of cartilage with smooth muscle which allows air to flow into the lungs

Question 15

Alveoli

Answer 15

• Air filled sacs
• Membrane v elastic that can expand and contract
• Surrounded by a capillary network to provide efficient gas exchange
• Contain repiratory membrane gas exchange between the air and blood takes place
• Very very thin

Question 16

Type I alveolar cells

Answer 16

• Forms alveolar wall allowing gas exchange

Question 17

Type II alveolar cells

Answer 17

– Secreate surfactant Type of mucus
- Defence
* Role in breathing and stabilises
alveoli
* Recoil of lungs

Question 18

Alveolar macrophage

Answer 18

• Defence against foreign
  particles/infectious
  microorganisms that reach the
  alveoli

Question 19

Ventilation

Answer 19

• Inhalation and exhalation which is regulated by the thoratic volume by pressure changes
• the pressure difference between the atmosphere and inside the lungs

Question 20

Air flow and
pressure changes Gas exchange

Answer 20

• Increase volume of a container increases, the pressure within the container decreases the respiratory muscles change volume of thorax
• Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure the greater the pressure difference, the greater the rate of airflow

Question 21

Respiratory muscles

Answer 21

• Diaphragm
• Intercostal muscles
• External and Internal
• Scalene muscles
• Sternocleidomastoid muscles
• Pectoral muscles
• Abdominal muscles

Question 22

Diaphragm

Answer 22

• Dome shaped
• Contraction downwards and flattens increasing thorotic cavity
• Relaxing recoils upwards reducing the thorotic cavity
• Only muscle to work while sleeping

Question 23

Intercostal muscle

Answer 23

• Between ribs
• Two planes of muscular and tendinous fibres occupying each intercostal space

Question 24

External intercostal muscle

Answer 24

• Slope downwards and forward
• Contract the ribs upwards and outward
• Elevates ribs and sternum

Question 25

Internal intercostal muscle

Answer 25

- Opposing directions contracting the lower ribs

Question 26

Inspiration

Answer 26

- Diaphragm contracts * External intercostals and contraction occours -Forced breathing where contraction occours more forcefully such as scalene muscles, Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoral muscles

Question 27

Active process of inspiration

Answer 27

- Signals from the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata - Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles leading to the diaphragm moving downward - Transverse and vertical expansion of thorotic pressure - Lung volume increases and the intra-alveolar pressure decreases - Air is then sucked inwards

Question 28

Expiration

Answer 28

- Passive process Elastic tissue * Lung recoils - Diaphragam relaxes dome decrease in vol - External intercostal muscles relax downwards and inwards - Internal intercostals contract * Abdominal muscles contract

Question 29

End of Expiration

Answer 29

- Intra pulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure - No air movement

Question 30

Inspiration

Answer 30

- Increased thoracic volume * Increased alveolar volume * Decreased alveolar pressure * Atmospheric pressure > alveolar pressure * Air moves into lungs

Question 31

End of inspiration

Answer 31

- Alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure * No air movement

Question 32

Expiration pressure cycle

Answer 32

- Decreased thoracic volume * Decreased alveolar volume * Increased alveolar * Alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure * Air moves out of lungs

Question 33

Pleural Pressure

Answer 33

- Lower than alvear pressure - Suction effect - fluid removal by the lymphatic system

Question 34

What happens if there is a lower plural pressure compared to alveolar

Answer 34

- Pulls the pleura away from the outside of the alveoli * Pressure on the alveoli is lower * Expansion opposes lung tendancy to recoil

Question 35

Pneumothorax

Answer 35

- Air introduced * Pleural pressure is not low enough to overcome lung recoil * Alveoli collapse