Cardiovascular System I Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
- Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues.
- Carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide via blood.
A
Cardiovascular System
2
Q
Pumps blood throughout the body in blood vessels.
A
Heart
3
Q
Requires both the pumping action of heart and changes in blood pressure.
A
Blood Flow
4
Q
Can make exchanges only with the interstitial fluid in their immediate vicinity.
A
Cells
5
Q
Major function of the cardiovascular system.
A
Transportation
6
Q
Transport vehicle that carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and other substances vital for body homeostasis.
A
Blood
7
Q
Force to move the blood around.
A
Beating Heart and Blood Pressure
8
Q
Includes a muscular pump equipped with one-way valves and a system of large and small blood vessels.
A
Cardiovascular System
9
Q
Size and shape of the heart.
A
- Approximately the size of a person’s fist.
- Hollow, cone-shaped heart.
- Weighs less than a pound.
10
Q
Medial section of the thoracic cavity where the heart is snugly enclosed with and flanked on each side by the lungs.
A
Inferior Mediastinum
11
Q
- Directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of the 5th intercostal space.
- Where to place the stethoscope to count the heart rate of the apical pulse.
A
Pointed Apex
12
Q
- Broad posterosuperior aspect from which the great vessels of the body emerge.
- Points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second hip.
A
Base
13
Q
- Sac that encloses the heart.
- Made up of three layers: outer fibrous layer and a pair of inner serous membrane.
A
Pericardium
14
Q
- Loosely fitting superficial part of the pericardium.
- Helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures (diaphragm and sternum)
A
Fibrous Pericardium
15
Q
Slippery, two-layered deep to the fibrous pericardium.
A
Serous Pericardium
16
Q
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium that lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium.
A
Parietal Pericardium
17
Q
Attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart, makes U-turn, continues inferiorly over the heart surface as the visceral layer.
A
Parietal layer at the superior aspect of the heart.
18
Q
- Visceral layer of the serous pericardium which is part of the heart wall.
- Innermost layer of the pericardium and outermost layer of the heart wall.
A
Visceral Pericardium or Epicardium
19
Q
Produces lubricating serous fluid.
A
Serous Pericardial Membranes
20
Q
Where the serous pericardial membranes is collected.
A
Pericardial Cavity
21
Q
Allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment.
A
Lubricating Serous Fluid
22
Q
- Inflammation of the pericardium.
- Decrease in already small amounts of serous fluid.
- Causes pericardial layers to rub, bind, and stick to each other.
- Form painful adhesions that interfere with heart movements.
A
Pericarditis
23
Q
Three layers that compose the heart walls.
A
- Outer Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Innermost Endocardium
24
Q
- Thick bundles of cardiac muscle formed into ringlike arrangements.
- Layer that actually contracts.
- Reinforced internally by a network of dense fibrous connective tissue.
A
Myocardium
25
Linked together by **intercalated discs** that contain both **demosomes** and **gap junctions**.
Myocardial Cells
26
**Allow ions to flow** from cell to cell.
Gap Junctions at Intercalated Discs
27
1. **Thin**, glistening sheet of **endothelium** that lines the **heart chambers**.
2. Continuous with the **linings of the blood vessels** leaving and entering the heart.
Endocardium
28
**Four hollow cavities or chambers** of the heart.
1. Two Atria
2. Two Ventricles
29
Lines each chamber to **help blood flow smoothly** through the heart.
Endocardium
30
1. **Receiving** chambers.
2. **Not important in the pumping** activity of the heart.
3. Assist with **filling the ventricles**.
4. Blood flows under **low pressure** from the veins of the body and continues on to fill the ventricles.
Superior Atria
31
1. **Discharging** chambers.
2. **Actual pumps** of the heart.
3. When they **contract**, **blood is propelled** out of the heart and into circulation.
Inferior, Thick-Walled Ventricles
32
Forms most of the **heart's anterior surface**.
Right Ventricle
33
Forms the **heart's apex**.
Left Ventricle
34
Septum that **divides the atria** longitudinally.
Interatrial Septum
35
Septum that **divides the ventricles** longitudinally.
Interventricular Septum
36
1. **Arteries** carrying blood away from the heart.
2. **Veins** carrying blood toward the heart.
Heart as a Double Pump
37
Function of the **right side** of the heart.
Pulmonary Circuit Pump
38
**Receives oxygen-poor blood** from the veins and pumps it through the **pulmonary trunk**.
Large Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava
39
Splits into the **right and left pulmonary arteries**.
Pulmonary Trunk
40
**Carry blood to the lungs** where oxygen is picked up and **carbon dioxide is unloaded**.
Pulmonary Arteries
41
**Oxygen-rich blood drains** from the lungs and is returned to the **left side of the heart**.
Four Pulmonary Veins
42
1. A circuit starting from the **right ventricle** (pump) to the **lungs** and back to the **left atrium** (receiving chamber)
2. **Carry blood to the lungs** for gas exchange and return it to the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation
43
1. Where the **oxygen-rich blood** that returned to the left atrium and **flowed into the left ventricle** is **pumped out**.
2. From which the **systemic arteries** branch to supply all body tissues.
Aorta
44
1. Where the **oxygen-poor blood circulates** from the **tissues** to the **right atrium** after oxygen is delivered to tissues.
2. **Empty into** either the superior and inferior vena cava.
Systemic Veins
45
1. Second circuit starting from the **left ventricle** through the **body tissues** and back to the **right atrium**.
2. **Supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood** to all body organs.
Systemic Circulation
46
1. **Pumps blood** over the much longer **systemic pathway**.
2. Walls are **substantially thicker** and **much more powerful pump**.
Left Ventricle
47
1. Allow blood to **flow in only one direction** through the heart chambers.
2. From the atria > through the ventricles > out the great arteries leaving the heart.
Four Valves of the Heart
48
1. Valves located **between the atria and ventricles** on each side.
2. **Prevent backflow into the atria** when the ventricles contract.
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
49
1. **Left AV valve**.
2. Consists of **two flaps or cusps** of endocardium.
Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
50
1. **Right AV valve**.
2. Has **three cusps** of endocardium.
Tricuspid Valve
51
1. **Tiny white cords** "tendinous cords."
2. **Anchor the cusps** to the walls of the ventricles.
3. **Tighten and anchor** the cusps in a closed position.
Chordae Tendineae
52
When the **heart** is ____ and **blood** is passively ____ its chambers, the **AV valve cusps hang** limply into the ventricles.
Relaxed, Filling
53
As the **ventricles** ____ they **press on the blood** in their chambers and the **pressure** inside the ventricles (**intraventricular pressure**) begins to **rise**.
Contract
54
Forcing the **AV valves cusps upwards** results to.
Closing of the Valves
55
If the **cusps** were ____ they would **blow upward** into the atria.
Unanchored
56
1. Second set of valves that **guards the bases of the two large arteries** leaving the ventricular chambers.
2. Each valve has **three cusps** that **fit tightly together** when the valves are **closed**.
Semilunar Valves or Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar Valve
57
When the **ventricles** are ____ and forcing blood out of the heart, the ____ are **forced open** and **flattened** against the walls of the ____ by the tremendous **force** of rushing blood.
Contracting, Cusps, Arteries
58
When the **ventricles** ____, the **blood** begins to flow ____ toward the heart and the **cusps** fill with ____ closing the valves.
Relax, Backward, Blood
59
Each set of valves **operates** at a ____ time.
Different
60
**Open during heart relaxation** and closed when the ventricles contract.
AV Valves
61
**Closed during heart relaxation** and are forced open when the ventricles contract.
Semilunar Valves
62
**Force blood to continually move forward** through the heart by **opening and closing** in response to **pressure changes** in the heart.
Valves
63
**Operation of the AV valves**.
1. *Blood returning to the atria* **puts pressure** against AV valves. **AV valves** are forced **open**.
2. As the *ventricles fill*, **AV valve cusps hang** limply into ventricles.
3. **Atria contract**, forcing additional *blood into the ventricles*.
4. **Ventricles contract**, forcing *blood against AV valve cusps*.
5. **AV valves close**.
6. **Chordae tendineae tighten**, *preventing* valve cusps from everting into the atria.
7. **AV valves open** = *greater atrial pressure* than ventricular pressure.
64
**Operation of the semilunar valves**.
1. As **ventricles contract** and **intraventricular pressure rises**, blood is pushed up *against semilunar valves*, forcing them to **open**.
2. As **ventricles relax** and **intraventricular pressure falls**, blood flows back from **arteries**, *filling the cusps* of semilunar valves and forcing them to **close**.
65
**Forces the heart to pump and repump the same blood** because the valve does not close properly = **blood backflows**.
Incompetent Valve
66
1. Valve become **stiff** because of **repeated bacterial infection** of the endocardium (*endocarditis*)
2. Forces the heart to **contract more vigorously** to create **enough pressure** to drive blood through the narrowed valve.
Valvular Stenosis
67
**Not nourished** by the blood contained in the heart.
Myocardium
68
Functional blood supply that **oxygenates and nourishes** the myocardium.
Left and Right Coronary Arteries
69
**Branch from the base of the aorta** and encircle the heart in the **coronary sulcus** (*atrioventricular groove*) at the junction of the atria and ventricles.
Coronary Arteries
70
**Major branches of the coronary arteries** that are **compressed** when the ventricles are **contracting** and **fill** when the heart is **relaxed**.
1. Left = Anterior Interventricular Artery and Circumflex Artery
2. Right = Posterior Interventricular Artery and Marginal Artery
71
**Drains** the myocardium.
Cardiac Veins
72
1. Where the **cardiac veins are emptied** into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart.
2. Emptied into the **right atrium**.
Coronary Sinus
73
Heart beats at a **very rapid rate** and receives an **inadequate blood supply** because relaxation periods are shortened.
Myocardium
74
Situations in which the **myocardium is deprived of oxygen** resulting in crushing chest pain.
Angina Pectoris
75
**Area formed** when the **angina is prolonged** and oxygen-deprived heart cells may die.
Infarct
76
Commonly called a **heart attack** or a **coronary**.
Myocardial Infarction
77
As the **heart** ____ or ____, the **blood circulates** into and out of the heart, through the rest of the body, and back to heart.
Beats, Contracts
78
Heart pumps about ____ **quarts** or ____ **gallons** of blood in a **day**.
6000 Quarts or 1500 Gallons
79
1. Contract **spontaneously** and **independently**.
2. Have **different** rhythms in different areas of the body.
Cardiac Muscle Cells
80
Beat about **60 times per minute**.
Atrial Cells
81
Contract more slowly about **20 to 40 times per minute**.
Ventricular Cells
82
One of the systems that **act to regulate heart activity** involves the nerves of the ____ to **decrease or increase the heart rate** depending on which division is activated.
Autonomic Nervous System
83
1. Second system that is **built into the heart tissue** and **sets its basic rhythm**.
2. Composed of a **special tissue** like a cross between muscle and nervous tissue.
3. Causes **heart muscle depolarization** in only **one** direction = from the *atria to the ventricles*.
4. Enforces a **contraction rate** of approximately **75** beats per minute.
Intrinsic Conduction System or Nodal System
84
**Crescent-shaped** node of tissue located in the **right atrium**.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
85
A **node at the junction** of the atria and ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
86
Bundle of **His**.
Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle
87
Located in the **interventricular septum**.
Right and Left Bundle Branches
88
**Fibers** that spread within the **myocardium** of the ventricle walls.
Purkinje Fibers
89
1. **Tiny cell mass**.
2. Has the **fastest rate of depolarization** and starts each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart.
SA Node or Pacemaker
90
From the **SA node**, **impulse** spreads through the ____ walls to the ____ node and the ____ contract.
Atrial, AV, Atria
91
1. At the **AV node**, **impulse is delayed** briefly to give the ____ time to **finish contracting**.
2. It then passes rapidly into the ____, ____, and ____ resulting in a **wringing contraction of the ventricles** that begins at the heart apex and move toward the atria.
1. Atria
2. AV Bundle, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers
92
1. **Separates the atria and ventricles** from one another.
2. Part of the **fibrous skeleton** of the heart.
3. **Depolarization waves** can reach the ventricles only by traveling through the **AV node**.
Insulating Connective Tissue
93
Ventricles begin to **beat at their own rate** and is much **slower**.
Heart Block
94
Lack of an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle that may **lead to fibrillation**.
Ischemia
95
1. **Rapid**, **uncoordinated quivering** of the ventricles.
2. **Prevents the heart from pumping any blood** and a major cause of death from heart attack in adults.
Fibrillation
96
Used to **help** those experiencing **sudden cardiac arrest**.
Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)
97
Rapid heart rate of **over 100 beats per minute**.
Tachycardia
98
Heart rate that is substancially slower than normal of **less than 60 beats per minute**.
Bradycardia
99
1. Means **heart contraction and relaxation**.
2. Does **most** of the pumping work.
Systole and Diastole
100
1. Refers to the events of **one complete heartbeat**, during which both atria and ventricles **contract and relax**.
2. Average heartbeat = **75 beats per minute**.
3. Length of this cycle = **0.8 seconds**.
Cardiac Cycle
