Cardiovascular System III Flashcards by Sapida, Cassandra Gwyneth M.

Q

Arterial branches of the ascending aorta.
Serve the heart.

A

Right (R) Coronary Artery
Left (L) Coronary Artery

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Q

First branch off the aortic arch.
Splits into: R common carotid artery (further branches into the R internal and R external carotid arteries) and R subclavian artery.

Arterial branches of the aortic arch.

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk

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Q

Second branch off the aortic arch.
Divides forming the: L internal carotid (serves the brain) and L external carotid (serves the skin and muscles of the head and neck.

Arterial branches of the aortic arch.

A

L Common Carotid Artery

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Q

Third branch off the aortic arch.
Gives off an important branch: Vertebral artery (serves part of the brain)

Arterial branches of the aortic arch.

A

L Subclavian Artery

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Q

In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes ____ artery, continues into the arm as the ____ artery which supplies the arm.
At the elbow, the brachial artery splits to form the ____ artery and ____ artery which serve the forearm.

Arterial branches of the aortic arch: Third branch

A

Axillary, Brachial
Radial, Ulnar

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Q

Composed of the intercostal arteries (10 pairs) that supply the muscles of the thoracic wall.
Other branches: Bronchial arteries (lungs), Esophageal arteries (esophagus) and Phrenic arteries (diaphragm)

A

Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aorta

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Q

First branch of the abdominal aorta.
Single vessel that has three branches: L gastric artery (stomach), Splenic artery (spleen) and Common hepatic artery (liver)

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Celiac Trunk

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Q

Supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine or colon.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Unpaired Superior Mesenteric Artery

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Q

Serve the kidneys.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

R and L Renal Arteries

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Q

Supply the gonads.
Ovarian arteries (females, serving the ovaries)
Testicular arteries (males, serving the testes)

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

R and L Gonadal Arteries

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Q

Several pairs of arteries serving the heavy muscles of the abdomen and trunk walls.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Lumbar Arteries

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Q

Small, unpaired artery supplying the second half of the large intestine.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

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Q

Final branches of the abdominal aorta.
Each divides into an: Internal iliac artery (pelvic organs - bladder, rectum) and External iliac artery (enters the thigh where it becomes the femoral artery)

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

R and L Common Iliac Arteries

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Q

Femoral artery and its branch that serves the thigh.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Deep Artery of the Thigh

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Q

At the knee, the femoral artery becomes the ____ artery, which then splits into the ____ artery and ____ artery which supply the leg and foot.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Politeal, Anterior Tibial and Posterior Tibial

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Q

Anterior tibial artery terminates in the ____ artery which via the ____ artery supplies the dorsum of the foot.

Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta.

A

Dorsalis Pedis, Arcuate

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Q

Often palpated in patients with circulatory problems of the legs to determine whether the distal part of the leg has adequate circulation.

A

Dorsalis Pedis

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Q

Generally located in deep, well-protected body areas.
More superficial and some are easily seen and palpated on the body surface, naming of these are identical to that of their companion arteries.

A

Arteries
Veins

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Q

Branch off the aorta.
Converge on the venae cavae which enter the right atrium of the heart.

A

Major Systemic Arteries
Veins

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Q

Veins draining the head and arms empty into.
Draining the lower body empty into.

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava

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Q

Distal-to-proximal direction = same direction the blood flows into the superior vena cava.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava

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Q

Deep veins draining the forearm.
Unite to form the: Deep brachial vein (drains the arm) and empties into the, Axillary vein (in the axillary region)

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Radial Vein and Ulnar Vein

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Q

Provides for the superficial drainage of the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Cephalic Vein

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Q

Superficial vein that drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein proximally.

Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

A

Basilic Vein

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**Joined** at the anterior aspect of the elbow by the **median cubital vein**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

Basilic and Cephalic Veins

Often chosen as the **site for withdrawing blood** for the purpose of blood testing. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

Median Cubital Vein

**Receives venous blood** from the arm through the **axillary vein** and from the **skin and muscles** of the head through the **external jugular vein**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

Subclavian Vein

Drains the **posterior part of the head**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

Vertebral Vein

Drains the **dural sinuses** of the brain. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

Internal Jugular Vein

1. Large veins that **receive venous drainage** from the **subclavian**, **vertebral**, and **internal jugular veins**. 2. Join to form the **superior vena cava** which enters the heart. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

R and L Brachiocephalic Veins

Single vein that **drains the thorax** and enters the superior vena cava just before it joins the heart. ## Footnote Veins draining into the superior vena cava.

Azygos Vein

Much **longer than the superior vena cava** and **returns blood** to the heart from all body regions **inferior** to the **diaphragm**.

Inferior Vena Cava

Drain the **leg** (calf and foot) ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

1. Anterior Tibial Vein 2. Posterior Tibial Vein 3. Fibular Vein

**Posterior tibial vein** becomes the ____ vein at the **knee** and the ____ vein in the **thigh**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Popliteal, Femoral

**Femoral vein** becomes the ____ vein as it **enters the pelvis**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

External Iliac Vein

1. **Longest veins** in the body. 2. Receive the superficial **drainage of the leg**. 3. Begin at the **dorsal venous arch** in the foot and travel up the **medial aspect of the leg** to empty into the **femoral vein**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Great Saphenous Veins

1. Formed by the **union of the external iliac vein** and **internal iliac vein** (drains the *pelvis*) 2. Join to **form the inferior vena cava** which then ascends superiorly in the abdominal cavity. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Each R and L Common Iliac Vein

Drains the **right ovary** in females and **right testicle** in males. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

R Gonadal Vein

**Empties** into the **left renal vein** superiorly. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

L Gonadal Vein

Drain the **kidneys**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

R and L Renal Veins

Single vein that **drains the digestive tract organs** and carries this blood through the liver before it enters the systemic circulation. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

Hepatic Portal Vein

Drain the **liver**. ## Footnote Veins draining into the inferior vena cava.

R and L Hepatic Veins

Two pairs of arteries that **supplies the brain**.

Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries

1. Branches of the common carotid arteries and run through the neck and **enter the skull** through the **temporal bone**. 2. Once inside the **cranium**, each divides into the ____ artery and ____ artery which supply most of the **cerebrum**.

1. Internal Carotid Arteries 2. Anterior Cerebral and Middle Cerebral

**Pass upward** from the **subclavian arteries** at the base of the neck.

Paired Vertebral Arteries

1. Within the skull, the **vertebral arteries join to form** the single ____. 2. Serves the **brain stem** and **cerebellum** as it travels **upward**. 3. At the base of the cerebrum, this divides to form the **posterior cerebral arteries** which supply the posterior part of the cerebrum.

Basilar Artery

**Unite** the anterior and posterior **blood supplies** of the brain.

Small Communicating Arterial Branches

1. **Complete circle** of connecting blood vessels. 2. **Surrounds the base** of the brain. 3. Protects the brain by **providing more than one route** for blood to reach brain tissue.

Cerebral Arterial Circle or Circle of Willis

Veins that **drain the digestive organs**, **spleen**, and **pancreas** and deliver this blood through the **hepatic portal vein**.

Hepatic Portal Circulation

1. **Key body organ** involved in **maintaining proper** glucose, fat, and protein concentrations in the blood. 2. Allows blood to "**take a detour**" to ensure that it processes these substances before they enter the systemic circulation. 3. Helps **detoxify** blood. 4. Some of the nutrients are **removed to be stored** or processed in various ways. 5. **Drained by the hepatic veins** that enter the inferior vena cava.

Liver

**Major vessels** composing the **hepatic portal circulation**.

1. Inferior and Superior Mesenteric Veins 2. Splenic Vein 3. Left Gastric Vein

Drains the **terminal part of the large intestine** and drains into the **splenic vein**.

Inferior Mesenteric Vein

Itself **drains the spleen**, **pancreas**, and the **left side of the stomach**.

Splenic Vein

Join to **form the hepatic portal vein**.

1. Splenic Vein 2. Superior Mesenteric Vein (drains the small intestine and first part of the colon)

Drains the **right side of the stomach** and drains directly into the **hepatic portal vein**.

L Gastric Vein

**Vital signs** in clinical settings.

Respiratory Rate and Body Temperature

**Alternating expansion and recoil of an artery** that occurs with each beat of the **left ventricle** creating a **pressure wave** that travels through the arterial system.

Pulse

**Pulse rate** > ____ surges per minute **equals** the heart rate > ____ per minute.

Pressure, Beats

**Pulse averages** ____ beats per minute in a healthy resting person.

70 to 76

Influences **pulse rate**.

1. Activity 2. Postural Changes 3. Emotions

**Feel any pulse** in any artery by ____ the artery against firm tissue = easy way of **counting heart rate**.

Compressing

Point where the **radial artery surfaces** at the wrist.

Radial Pulse

Same points are compressed to **stop blood flow into distal tissues** during significant blood loss or hemorrhage.

Pressure Points

Any **system** equipped with a ____ that **forces fluid** through a ____ network of **closed tubes** operates under **pressure**.

Pump, One-way

1. **Pressure the blood exerts** against the inner walls of the blood vessels. 2. **Force that keeps blood circulating** continuously even between heartbeats. 3. Pressure within the large systemic arteries near the heart.

Blood Pressure

When the **ventricles** ____, they force into large, thick-walled ____ **arteries** close to the heart that ____ as the blood is **pushed** into them.

Contract, Elastic, Expand

____ pressure in these elastic arteries **forces the blood to continuously move** into areas where **pressure is lower**.

High

**Pressure is highest** in ____ arteries **closest to the heart** and continues to drop throughout the systemic pathway, reaching ____ at the **right atrium**.

Large, Zero

Blood flows continuously along a ____ from **high to low pressure**.

Pressure Gradient

____ **activity of the skeletal muscles** and ____ changes in the **thorax** ensure **blood flows back** to the heart to be **pumped out** to the body again.

Milking, Pressure

If a ____ is **cut**, the **blood flows evenly** from the wound.

Vein

Produces **rapid spurts** of blood.

Lacerated Artery

**Continuous blood flow** depends on ____ of the larger arteries and their **ability** to ____ and keep exerting ____ on the blood **as it flows** into the rest of the vascular system.

Stretchiness, Recoil, Pressure

**Elasticity** of arteries gets **lost**.

Arteriosclerosis

**Early stage** of arteriosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis

1. The **off- and on- flow of blood** into the arteries as the heart **alternately** contracts and relaxes causes the ____ to **rise and fall** during each beat. 2. Reported in **mm Hg** with the higher systolic pressure written first.

Blood Pressure

**Two arterial blood pressures** measured.

1. Systolic Pressure 2. Diastolic Pressure

Pressure in the **arteries** at the peak of **ventricular contraction**.

Systolic Pressure

Pressure when the **ventricles are relaxed**.

Diastolic Pressure

1. Systemic arterial blood pressure is **measured indirectly**. 2. Used to measure blood pressure in the **brachial artery** of the arm.

Auscultatory Method

1. Arterial blood pressure is **directly related** to ____ and ____. 2. **BP = CO x PR**

Cardiac Output (CO) and Peripheral Resistance (PO)

Amount of blood **pumped out of the left ventricle** per minute.

Cardiac Output

**Amount of friction or resistance to flow** the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels.

Peripheral Resistance

Most important factor that **increase PR**.

Constriction or Narrowing of Blood Vessels (especially Arterioles)

Increased ____ and ____ also **raises PR**.

Blood Volume and Blood Viscosity

Any factors that **increases either CO or PR** causes an almost ____ **rise** in blood pressure.

Immediate

Many factors that can **alter blood pressure**.

1. Age 2. Weight 3. Time of Day 4. Exercise 5. Body Position 6. Emotional State 7. Various Drugs

**Major action** of the sympathetic nerves on the **vascular system** which **increases** the blood pressure.

Vasoconstriction or Narrowing of Blood Vessels

**Activated** to cause vasoconstriction.

Sympathetic Center in the Medulla Oblongata

**Activates the large arteries** of the neck and chest where they **send warning signals** that result in **reflexive vasoconstriction**, quickly increasing blood pressure back to the homeostatic level.

Pressoreceptors or Baroreceptors

**Blood volume suddenly decreases**, blood pressure ____ and the **heart** begins to **beat** more ____ as it tries to **compensate** by ____ the remaining blood more **quickly**.

Drops, Rapidly, Circulating

1. **Blood loss** ____ venous return, **heart** also beats **weakly** and **inefficiently**. 2. **SNS causes vasoconstriction** to ____ blood pressure so that **venous return increases** and circulation can continue.

1. Reduces 2. Increase

**Exercise vigorously** or are frightened and have to make a hasty escape = **generalized vasoconstriction** occurs except in the ____ muscles.

Skeletal

**Vessels** of the skeletal muscles ____ to **increase the blood flow** to the working muscles.

Dilate

____ nerves **never cause vasoconstriction** of blood vessels of the **heart** or **brain**.

Sympathetic

Play a major role in **regulating arterial blood pressure** by **altering** blood volume.

Kidneys

1. Allow **more water to leave the body** in the urine as blood pressure or blood volume ____ above normal. 2. **Source** of this water is in the ____ = blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases. 3. Arterial blood pressure **falls**, kidneys **retain** body water, ____ blood pressure and blood volume. 4. **Increase** blood volume and blood pressure, ____ must be **ingested** or adminstered intravenously.

1. Increases 2. Bloodstream 3. Maintaining 4. Fluids

1. **Enzyme released into the blood** when arterial blood pressure is **low**. 2. Triggers a series of **chemical reactions** that result in the formation of **Angiotensin II**.

Renin

1. A potent **vasoconstrictor chemical**. 2. **Stimulates** the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

Angiotensin II

1. A hormone that **enhances sodium ion reabsorption** by the kidneys. 2. As **sodium ions** move into the blood, ____ follows. 3. Blood volume and blood pressure ____ in response.

1. Aldosterone 2. Water 3. Rise