Lymphatic System I

Question 1

• Carries excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to cardiovascular circulation.
• Provides locations for immune cells to monitor the body.

Answer 1

Lymphatic System

Question 2

Take in fluids from the extracellular space and carry them through lymph nodes.

Answer 2

Porous Lymphatic Vessels

Question 3

Where immune cells scan the fluids for foreign particles.

Answer 3

Lymph Nodes

Question 4

Must be returned to circulation via lymphatics to maintain cardiovascular function.

Answer 4

Fluid

Question 5

Two parts of lymphatic systems.

Answer 5

1. Meandering Network of Lymphatic Vessels
2. Various Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

Question 6

Transport fluids that have escaped from the blood back to the cardiovascular system.

Answer 6

Lymphatic Vessels

Question 7

House phagocytic cells and lymphocytes which play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease.

Answer 7

Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

Question 8

• Fluid that remains behind in the tissue spaces (3L daily) becomes part of the ____.
• This excess tissue fluid and any plasma proteins that escape from the blood must be carried back to the blood to have sufficient blood volume.

Answer 8

Interstitial Fluid

Question 9

Fluid that accumulates in the tissues.

Answer 9

Edema or Swelling

Question 10

Impairs the ability of cells to make exchanges with the interstitial fluid and ultimately the blood.

Answer 10

Excessive Edema

Question 11

• Their function is to form an elaborate drainage system that picks up this excess interstitial fluid now called the lymph (clear water) and returns it to the blood.
• Form a one-way system where lymph moves only toward the heart.

Answer 11

Lymphatic Vessels or Lymphatics

Question 12

• Weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body and absorb the leaked fluid.
• Remarkably permeable that once thought to be open at one end.

Answer 12

Microscopic Lymph Capillaries

Question 13

Edges of the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries forming the walls loosely overlap one another, forming flaplike ____ that act as one-way swinging doors.

Answer 13

Minivalves

Question 14

Anchored by fine collagen fibers to surrounding structures.

Answer 14

Flaps

Question 15

The flaps gape open when the fluid pressure is higher in the ____, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary.

Answer 15

Interstitial Space

Question 16

When the pressure is higher inside the ____, the endothelial cell flaps are forced together, preventing the lymph from leaking back out and forcing it along the vessel.

Answer 16

Lymphatic Vessels

Question 17

Normally prevented from entering blood capillaries but they enter the lymphatic capillaries easily, particularly in inflamed areas.

Answer 17

• Proteins
• Cell Debris
• Bacteria
• Viruses

Question 18

Cells that travel in lymph and that lymph takes detours through the lymph nodes.

Answer 18

White Blood Cells

Question 19

Where the WBCs are cleansed of debris and examined by cells of the immune system.

Answer 19

Lymph Nodes

Question 20

Larger lymphatic vessels where lymph is transported from the lymph capillaries until returned to the venous circulation through two large ducts in the thoracic region.

Answer 20

Lymphatic Collecting Vessels

Question 21

Drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

Answer 21

Right Lymphatic Duct

Question 22

Receives lymph from the rest of the body.

Answer 22

Large Thoracic Duct

Question 23

Empty the lymph into the subclavian vein on their own side of the body.

Answer 23

Both Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct

Question 24

Thin walled and the larger vessels have valves.

Answer 24

Lymphatic Vessels

Question 25

A **low**-pressure, **pumpless** system.

Answer 25

Lymphatic System

Question 26

Transported by the same mechanisms that **aid return of venous blood**: **milking** action of the skeletal muscles and **pressure changes** in thorax during breathing = **muscular** and **respiratory** pumps.

Answer 26

Lymph

Question 27

Contracts **rhythmically** helping to **pump** the lymph along.

Answer 27

**Smooth Muscle** in the Walls of the Larger Lymphatics

Question 28

* Help **protect** the body by **removing foreign material** (bacteria and tumor cells) from the lymphatic stream. * **Provide** a place where **lymphocytes** that function in the immune response can be **activated**.

Answer 28

Cells in Lymph Nodes

Question 29

Three regions of the body where **large clusters of lymph** are found.

Answer 29

* Inguinal * Axillary * Cervical

Question 30

As lymph is **transported** toward the heart, it is **filtered** through thousands of ____.

Answer 30

Lymph Nodes

Question 31

* Located **within** the lymph nodes. * **Engulf** and **destroy** bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph before it is **returned** to the blood.

Answer 31

Macrophages

Question 32

**Type of WBC** located in the lymph nodes and respond to **foreign** substances in the lymphatic stream.

Answer 32

Lymphocytes

Question 33

* **Vary** in shape and size but most are **kidney-shaped**, about **1 cm long**, **buried** in the connective tissue that surrounds them. * Each is surrounded by a **fibrous capsule**.

Answer 33

Lymph Nodes

Question 34

Connective tissue **strands** that extend **inward** to **divide** the node into a number of **compartments**.

Answer 34

Trabeculae

Question 35

**Outer part** of the node that contains follicles.

Answer 35

Cortex

Question 36

**Collection** of lymphocytes.

Answer 36

Follicles

Question 37

* Many follicles that have **dark-staining centers**. * **Enlarge** when specific B lymphocytes (*B Cells*) are generating **daughter cells** (*plasma cells*) that release **antibodies**.

Answer 37

Germinal Centers

Question 38

**Inward extensions of cortical tissue** that contain both B and T cells.

Answer 38

Medullary Cords

Question 39

Where **phagocytic macrophages** are located.

Answer 39

Central Medulla

Question 40

* Referred to the Peyer's patches, appendix, and tonsils that are part of this **collection of small lymphoid tissues**. * Act as a **sentinel** to protect the **upper respiratory and digestive tracts** from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering the cavities.

Answer 40

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

Question 41

**Two** types of **mechanisms** that defend the body against enemies that make up the immune system.

Answer 41

Innate and Adaptive Defense Mechanisms

Question 42

* Responds **immediately** to protect the body from all foreign substances. * Humans are **born** with these defenses. * **Reduce** the workload of the adaptive defense mechanisms by generally **preventing** the entry and spread of **microorganisms**.

Answer 42

Innate Defense System or Nonspecific Defense System

Question 43

* Fights invaders that **get past innate defenses** by mounting an **attack** against one or more particular foreign substances. * Must first meet an **initial exposure** to a foreign substance (*antigen*) before it can protect the body against the invader. * **Remembers** which invaders it has fought as it has both specificity and memory.

Answer 43

Adaptive Defense System or Specific Defense System

Question 44

Resulting highly specific **resistance** to disease.

Answer 44

Immunity

Question 45

Refers to the **mechanical barriers** that cover body surfaces and to the cells and chemicals that act on the initial battlefronts to protect the body from invading pathogens.

Answer 45

Body Defense

Question 46

**Nonspecific response** that is triggered whenever body tissues are **injured**.

Answer 46

Inflammatory Response

Question 47

**Four** most common indicators (*cardinal signs*) of **acute inflammation**.

Answer 47

* Redness * Heat * Pain * Swelling

Question 48

**Inflammatory chemicals** released when cells are damaged that cause: * Blood vessels in the area to **dilate**. * Make capillaries **leaky**. * **Attract** phagocytes and white blood cells to the area.

Answer 48

Histamine and Kinins

Question 49

**Enhances the innate defenses** either by **attacking** microorganisms directly or by **hindering** their ability to reproduce.

Answer 49

Antimicrobial Proteins

Question 50

Refers to a group of **at least 20 plasma proteins** that circulate in the blood in an **inactive state**.

Answer 50

Complement

Question 51

* **Abnormally high** body temperature. * A **systemic response** to invading microorganisms.

Answer 51

Fever

Question 52

Any substance capable of **provoking** an immune response.

Answer 52

Antigen

Question 53

* Produce **antibodies** and oversee **humoral** immunity. * Can target specific **extracellular antigens**.

Answer 53

B Lymphocytes or B Cells

Question 54

* Constitute the **cell-mediated arm** of the adaptive defenses and **do not** make antibodies. * Can recognize and eliminate specific **virus-infected** or **tumor cells**.

Answer 54

T Lymphocytes or T Cells

Question 55

* Also referred to as **immunoglobulins**. * Constitute the **gamma globulin** part of blood proteins. * **Soluble proteins** secreted by **activated B cells** or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an **antigen**. * Capable of **binding** specifically with that antigen.

Answer 55

Antibodies

Question 56

Occurs where **antibodies** bind to specific sites on **bacterial exotoxins** or on viruses that can cause **cell injury**.

Answer 56

Neutralization

Question 57

A process that causes **clumping** of foreign cells.

Answer 57

Agglutination

Question 58

**Chemicals** released by **macrophages** and **dendritic cells** that play important roles in immune response.

Answer 58

Cytokines

Question 59

Specialized in **killing** virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells **directly**.

Answer 59

Cytotoxic T Cells

Question 60

Release chemicals that **suppress the activity** of both B and T cells.

Answer 60

Regulatory T Cells