Cards not sure if I want to keep or not

Question 1

Write the generalized stoichiometry for the complete oxidation of an acyl-CoA with N number of Carbons attached.

Write as generalized stoichiometry for the oxidation of an acyl CoA after X rounds of oxidation, where (X is smaller than N/2-2)

Answer 1

Complete Oxidation

C_N-Acyl CoA + (N/2-1)FAD + (N/2-1)NAD⁺ + (N/2-1)CoA + (N/2-1)H₂O —->

(N/2)Acetyl-CoA + (N/2-1)FADH₂ + (N/2-1)NADH + (N/2-1)H⁺

Incomplete oxidation

C_N-Acyl CoA + (X)FAD + (X)NAD⁺ + (X)CoA + (X)H₂O —->

(N/2)Acetyl-CoA + (X)FADH₂ + (X)NADH + (X)H⁺

Question 2

How is fatty acid synthesis and degredation regulated?

Answer 2

1. Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays the key role in regulation
   
   1. converts acetyl CoA to malanoyl CoA - the committed step in synthesis
   2. it is switched off by phosphorylation
   3. switched on by dephosphorylation
2. In Mitochondria, Acetyl CoA carboxylase 2
   
   1. it produces malanoyl CoA
   2. malanoyl CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase
      
      1. this prevents entry of fatty acyl CoAs into the mitochondrial matrix
3. Fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by Insulin and inhibited by glucagon and epinephrine
4. Fatty Acid degradation is stimulated by epinephrine and inhibited by insulin.

Question 3

What antibiotics act as inhibitors of protein synthesis? What do they act upon?

Answer 3

1. Streptomycin and other aminoglycosides:
   
   1. Inhibit inititation and cause the misreading of mRNA (bacteria).
2. Tetracycline:
   
   1. Binds the 30S subunit and inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs (Bacteria).
3. Chloramphenicol:
   
   1. Inhibits the peptidyl transferase activity of the 50s Ribosomal subunit (bacteria).
4. Cycloheximide:
   
   1. Inhibits translocation (eukaryotes)
5. Erythromycin:
   
   1. Binds to the 50S subunit and inhibits translocation.
6. Puromycin:
   
   1. Causes premature chain termination by acting as an analog to aminoacyl-tRNA (bacteria and eukaryotes).

Question 4

Which enzymes are regulated by thioredoxin and what pathways are they associated with?

Answer 4

1. Rubisco
   
   1. Carbon Fixation in Calvin Cycle
2. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
   
   1. gluconeogenesis
3. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
   
   1. calvin cycle
   2. gluconeogenesis
   3. glycolysis
4. Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase
   
   1. Calvin cycle
5. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
   
   1. pentose phosphate pathway
6. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
   
   1. lignin synthesis
7. phosphoribulokinase
   
   1. calvin cycle
8. NADP⁺ -malate dehydrogenase
   
   1. C₄ pathway
9. CF₁-CF₀ ATP synthase - Activates
   
   1. the light reactions

Question 5

Draw the pyrimidine synthesis pathway with enzymes.

Answer 5

Question 6

Draw the purine biosynthesis pathway with enzymes.

Answer 6

Question 7

Draw the fates of the amino acid carbon skeletons

Answer 7