Pathway diagrams Flashcards
Draw out the precursers to the amino acids
Draw out the Citric Acid Cycle
Draw out Gluconeogenesis
Draw Out Glycolysis
Draw out Oxidative Phosphorylation
Draw out Purine Biosynthesis
Draw out Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
Draw a Diagram of DNA Replication
Draw out the pentose phosphate pathway
Draw a diagram depicting the conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate.
The Glucose 1-phosphate —-> Glucose 6-phosphate reaction is catalyzed by Phosphoglucomutase
Draw a diagram depicting glycogen synthesis starting with glucose 1-phosphate.
Note: the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-Glucose is: UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
Draw a diagram depicting the control of glycogen metabolism by Glucagon and/or Epinephrine as well as insulin.
FIGURE 21.19 Coordinate control of glycogen metabolism. Glycogen metabolism is regulated, in part, by hormone-triggered cyclic AMP cascades. The sequence of reactions leading to the activation of protein kinase A ultimately activates glycogen degradation. At the same time, protein kinase A along with glycogen synthase kinase inactivates glycogen synthase, shutting down glycogen synthesis.
Draw a diagram depicting the control of glycogen metabolism via insulin
FIGURE 21.22 Insulin inactivates glycogen synthase kinase. Insulin triggers a cascade that leads to the phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase and prevents the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) removes the phosphates from glycogen synthase, thereby activating the enzyme and allowing glycogen synthesis. IRS, insulin-receptor substrate.
Draw a diagram depicting the Urea Cycle. Include enzymes and cofactors.
Draw a diagram depicting the basic pathways of Protein degradation
Draw a diagram depicting the creation of acyl-CoA and the Beta-Oxidation Pathway
Draw a diagram depicting the synthesis of fatty acids starting with acetyl-CoA
Make sure to include something about elongating by condensing Malanoyl-ACP with butyryl ACP.
When chain is finished, a thioesterase hydrolyzes C16-Acyl ACP to yield Palmitate and ACP.
Draw a basic diagram depicting the 4 phases of the cell cycle. Mark the control points and what they check for.
Draw a diagram depicting control of the cell cycle. Should include cyclin levels as well as other molecules.
Give a brief description of Prophase and draw a simple diagram of it.
- Chromosomes (each consisting of 2 closely associated sister chromatids) condense
- Outside nucleus, mitotic spindle assembles between the 2 chromosomes
- the centrosomes have been replicated and moved apart.
Give a brief description of Prometaphase and draw a simple diagram of it.
- Starts with breakdown of nuclear envelope
- chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubules via kinetochores and undergo active movement.
Give a brief description of Metaphase and draw a simple diagram of it.
- Chromosomes are aligned at equator of spindle
- kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle.
Give a brief description of Anaphase and draw a simple diagram of it.
- Sister chromatids separate to form 2 daughter chromosomes
- The daughter chromosomes are pulled apart towards the spindle poles
- kinetochore microtubules shorten
- spindle poles move apart
Give a brief description of Telophase and draw a simple diagram of it.
- Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles of spindle and decondense
- a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set
- this completes the formation of 2 nuclei, marking end of mitosis.
- Division of cytoplasm begins with contraction of the contractile ring.
Give a brief description of Cytokinesis and draw a simple diagram of it.
- Cytoplasm is divided in 2 by contractile ring
- made of actin and myosin II filaments
- Cell pinched in two to create 2 daughter cells
- each daughter cell has 1 nucleus.
Draw out the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway (drawings of molecules are not necessary)
Draw a diagram depicting receptor mediated endocytosis, use LDL as the example.
FIGURE 26.20 Receptor-mediated endocytosis. The process of receptor-mediated endocytosis is illustrated for the cholesterol-carrying complex, low-density lipoprotein (LDL):
- (1) LDL binds to a specific receptor, the LDL receptor;
- (2) this complex invaginates to form an endosome;
- (3) after separation from its receptor, the LDL-containing vesicle fuses with a lysosome, leading to the degradation of the LDL and the release of the cholesterol.
Draw the steroid synthesis pathway
Draw a diagram depicting pathway integration of synthesis of Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids
In what 2 ways is phosphatidate formed?
How are Triacylglycerols formed from phosphatidate? Which enzyme is a key regulating enzyme in lipid synthesis?
Phosphatidic acid phosphatase is a key regulatory enzyme since it converts phosphatidate to DAG, which is used in lipid creation.
Draw a diagram depicting the regulation of lipid synthesis
Draw a diagram depicting sphingolipid synthesis.
Draw a diagram depicting the activated phosphatidate pathway of lipid synthesis. Use inositol as the alcohol. (there is no need to draw molecular diagrams).
Draw a diagram depicting the activated alcohol pathway of lipid synthesis. Use ethanolamine as the alcohol. (no need to draw molecular structures)
What does cytochrome P450 do?
It catalyzes hydroxylations by using NADPH and O2
Draw a diagram depicting the light reactions of photosynthesis
How are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in the liver and muscle?
Glycolysis:
- Liver:
- also regulated by ATP, not as important as in muscle
- Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increases affinity phosphofructokinase for Fructose 6-phosphate
- Muscle
- High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase, Higher levels of AMP stimulate it.
- glucose 6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate stimulates pyruvate kinase.
- low pH inhibits
How is the citric acid cycle regulated?
Draw a diagram depicting the secretory pathway.
Draw a diagram depicting prokaryotic translation. Mark initiation, elongation, and termination parts of it.
Draw a diagram depicting the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Draw a diagram depicting the calvin cycle.
Describe the C4 pathway. What environment do plants need it in? Why is it needed?
- It is a pathway of carbon fixation
- needed in hot climate
- needed because increased temperature increases photorespiration.
- Having the carbon be transported to site of calvin cycle, away from site of carbon absorption, means that less wasteful photorespiration happens.
Draw the pentose phosphate pathway including:
Enzymes, and all oxidative phase components
Draw the pyrimidine synthesis pathway with enzymes.
Draw the purine biosynthesis pathway with enzymes.
Draw prokaryptic initiation
Draw prokaryotic elongation
Draw prokaryotic termination
Draw eukaryotic initiation
Draw eukaryotic circularization
