Career Development Flashcards
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized
a. only since the late 1950s.
b. only since the late 1960s.
c. only since nondirective counseling became popular.
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance
movement and are still major areas of concern.
Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.” Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
a. “Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother’s attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?”
b. “Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I’d say you should be optimistic and go for the position.”
c. “Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
d. “In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?”
“Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that
a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance.
c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance.
d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior- high school- or middle school-level students did not.
A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual- career families?
a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so- called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working.
d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so- called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self- sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman
a. generally has children before entering the workforce.
b. rarely if ever has children.
c. is not self-reliant.
d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.
Is typically secure in her career before she has children.
Studies indicate that
a. students receive ample vocational guidance.
b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most
students.
Students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
Statistics reveal that
a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
b. fewer workers possess a high school diploma than ever before.
c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs.
d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have
fewer skills.
On average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
a. the client is having fun at work or away from work.
b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work.
c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work.
d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
Leisure time is defined as time away from work in which the individual has the freedom to choose what he or she would like to do. Leisure time is said to be “self-determined.” Leisure can sometimes help compensate for dissatisfaction in the work place.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples,
a. dual-career families/couples have more leisure time.
b. dual-career families/couples have the same amount of
leisure time as families/couples with one wage earner.
c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.
d. dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure
time.
Dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.
Both partners in the single-career relationship have more leisure time.
A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman” is showing an example of
a. gender bias.
b. counselor bias.
c. the trait-and-factor theory.
d. developmental theory and career choice.
Gender bias.
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach
a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives.
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes.
d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.
Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
Historically speaking, the trait-and-factor theory is considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice.
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching
approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with
a. Parsons and Williamson.
b. Roe and Brill.
c. Holland and Super.
d. Tiedeman and O’Hara.
Parsons and Williamson.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that
a. job selection is a long-term development process.
b. testing is an important part of the counseling process.
c. a counselor can match the correct person with the
appropriate job.
d. b and c.
B and C.
Parsons suggests three steps to implement the trait-and-factor approach. (a) Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests. (b) Knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and disadvantages of them. (c) Matching the individual with the work.
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
a. the father of lifestyle.
b. the father of modern counseling.
c. the father of vocational guidance.
d. the fourth force in counseling.
The father of vocational guidance.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to
career counseling?
a. The approach attempts to match the person’s traits with the requirements of a job.
b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information.
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career
maturity.
d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and
Williamson.
The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career
maturity.
Developmental approaches delineate stages or specify vocational choice in terms of a process which can change throughout the life span. Thus, vocational development parallels psychosocial, cognitive, and personality development.
Edmund Griffith Williamson’s work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
a. Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
b. Binet and the Wechsler.
c. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
Suggested memory devices: Minnesota means matching or Minnesota and matching both begin with an “M.” Williamson was associated with the University of Minnesota for over 40 years.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ________ into account.
a. individual change throughout the life span
b. relevant psychometric data
c. personality
d. jobrequirements
Individual change throughout the life span
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice
a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning.
c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious
need.
d. based on the work of Pavlov.
Based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing
a. unconscious and preconscious.
b. fields and levels.
c. yin and yang.
d. transactional analysis nomenclature.
Fields and Levels.
The eight occupational “fields” include: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment. The six “levels” of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” except:
a. Service.
b. Science.
c. Arts and entertainment.
d. Unskilled.
Unskilled.
The eight occupational “fields” include: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” except:
a. Outdoor.
b. Semiskilled.
c. Semiprofessional/smallbusiness.
d. Professional and managerial.
Outdoor.
The six “levels” of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled.
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective,
avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child
a. experiences neurosis or psychosis.
b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment.
c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves)
toward people or away from people.
d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be
highly motivated to succeed.
Will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
Some texts and exams will refer to the avoidant child-rearing style as “rejecting.” It is an emotionally cold or hostile style.
Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice
a. lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.
b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs.
c. all needs are given equal consideration.
d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical
need.
Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.
The job meets the “most urgent need.”
Some support for Roe’s theory comes from
a. The BDI.
b. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition
(WAIS-IV).
c. the Rorschach and the TAT.
d. the gestalt therapy movement.
The Rorschach and the TAT.
Suggested memory device: Roe begins with an “r” and so does Rorschach. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is similar in that it is a projective test.