Human Development

Question 1

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are:

a. psychometric.
b. psychodiagnostic.
c. psychopharmacological.
d. psychosocial.

Answer 1

Psychosocial.

The Freudian stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) emphasize sexuality. Erik Erikson’s eight stages (e.g., trust versus mistrust or integrity versus despair) focus on social relationships and thus are described as psychosocial.

Question 2

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists..

a. emphasize id processes.
b. refute the concept of the superego.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.

Answer 2

Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.

Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.

Question 3

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory
which encompasses the entire life span was

a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H. Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory.

Answer 3

Erik Erikson

Many scholars do not feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire life span. Erik Erikson, also a psychoanalyst and a disciple of Freud’s, created a theory with eight stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Since the final stage does not even begin until age 60, most personality theorists believe that his theory actually covers the entire life of an individual.

Question 4

The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

a. ErikErikson.
b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
c. JayHaley.
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.

In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences.

Question 5

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four
stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor.
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.

Answer 5

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.

Idiographic approaches to theories such as Freud and Piaget examine individuals (not groups of people) in depth. Idiographic theories can be contrasted with nomothetic approaches such as behaviorism or the DSM where large numbers of people are studied to create general principles that apply to the population. Onward! Piaget was adamant that the order of the stages remains the same for any culture, although the age of the individual could vary.

Question 6

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

a. he utilized the t test too frequently.
b. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors.
c. he worked primarily with minority children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

Answer 6

His findings were often derived from observing his own children.

Question 7

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

a. symbolicschema.
b. conservation.
c. androgynous psychosocial issues.
d. trust versus mistrust.

Answer 7

Conversation.

In Piaget’s theory the term conservation refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.

Question 8

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

a. volume or mass.
b. defenses of the ego.
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.
d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.

Answer 8

Volume or Mass.

Question 9

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

a. formal operations—12 years and older.
b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
c. preoperations—ages 2–7 years.
d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.

Answer 9

Concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.

Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a “c” and so does concrete operations. The other three stages proposed by Jean Piaget do not begin with a “c.”

Question 10

________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.

a. Erik Erikson
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson

Answer 10

Lawrence Kohlberg.

Kohlberg (the correct answer) is perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. Kohlberg used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.

Question 11

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of
water) can return to its initial shape.

Answer 11

One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Choice “d” is the definition of reversibility. The word ambidextrous, in choice “b,” refers to an individual’s ability to use both hands equally well to perform tasks.

Question 12

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of

a. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. abstractthought.

Answer 12

Egocentrism.

By egocentrism, Piaget was not really implying the child is self-centered. Instead, egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.

Question 13

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality.
c. three levels of morality.
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.

Answer 13

Three levels of morality.

Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development: the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional (the latter is referred to in some texts as the personal integrity or morality of self-accepted principles level). Each level can be broken down further into two stages.

Question 14

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as

a. a brick is to a house.
b. Freud is to Jung.
c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Answer 14

A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Question 15

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.
b. Erikson.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.

Answer 15

Erikson.

Question 16

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.
c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.
d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.

Answer 16

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

Question 17

Trust versus mistrust is

a. an Adlerian notion of morality.
b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.
d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.

Answer 17

Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.

Question 18

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage,

a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. identity crisis of the later years.
d. integrity versus despair.

Answer 18

Integrity versus despair.

Question 19

In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

a. psychosexualurges.
b. consequences.
c. periodic fugue states.
d. counterconditioning.

Answer 19

Consequences.

Question 20

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional
morality. This level is characterized by

a. psychosexualurges.
b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.
c. a desire to conform.
d. b and c.

Answer 20

B and C.

At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.

Question 21

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d. a and b.

Answer 21

Has self-imposed morals and ethics.

Postconventional morality is the highest level where the individual creates his or her own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. It has been called a prior to society perspective.

Question 22

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,

a. refers to the naive hedonism stage.
b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.
c. a and b.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people
never reach this level.

Answer 22

Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

Question 23

The zone of proximal development

a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.
c. emphasized organ inferiority.
d. a, b, and c.

Answer 23

Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.

The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor, and was pioneered by Vygotsky.

Question 24

Freud and Erikson

a. could be classified as behaviorists.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.
d. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or
DBT movement.

Answer 24

Could be classified as maturationists.

In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.

Question 25

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist. b. developmental stage theories. c. bonding and attachment. d. the unconscious mind.

Answer 25

Bonding and attachment. Arnold Gesell was a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children. Maturationists such as Gesell feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten).

Question 26

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? a. Generativity versus stagnation. b. Integrity versus despair. c. a and b. d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues.

Answer 26

Generativity versus stagnation. The word generativity refers to the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s self and being concerned with other people. Some exams may refer to this stage as “generativity versus self-absorption.”

Question 27

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is a. HarryHarlow. b. JohnBowlby. c. LawrenceKohlberg. d. all of the above.

Answer 27

Harry Harlow.

Question 28

The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is a. false. b. true due to genetics. c. true only in middle-aged men. d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.

Answer 28

True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin. Maccoby and Jacklin reviewed the literature and found very few differences that could be attributed to genetics and biological factors. The literature suggests that, where males outperformed females in mathematics, they did not do so until high school or perhaps college. Thus, the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry.

Question 29

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages. b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35–60 years. c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years. d. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention.

Answer 29

Intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years.

Question 30

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? a. A 19-year-old male college student. b. A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band. c. A 57-year-old female stockbroker. d. A 13-year-old male middle school student.

Answer 30

A 13-year-old male middle school student. Conformity seems to peak in the early teens.

Question 31

In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys a. a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version. b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother. c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.

Answer 31

The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother. Infant monkeys preferred the terry-cloth mothers to wire mothers even though the wire mothers were equipped to dispense milk. Harlow concluded that “contact comfort” is important in the development of the infant’s attachment to his or her mother.

Question 32

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: a. id, ego, and superego. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego. d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.

Answer 32

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 33

In adolescence a. females commit suicide more than males. b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare. c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious. d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.

Answer 33

Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often. Males commit suicide more often than females. This answer would apply not just to adolescence but to nearly all age brackets.

Question 34

In the general U.S. population a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000. b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts. c. suicide rates tend to increase with age. d. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Answer 34

Suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Question 35

The fear of death a. is greatest during middle age. b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon. c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years. d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.

Answer 35

Is greatest during middle age. In Erikson’s stages the individual would accept the finality of life better during the final ego identity versus despair stage rather than in the middle-age years.

Question 36

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor a. in the preconscious mind. b. in the mind of the child in latency. c. which evolves primarily during the oral age. d. a and b.

Answer 36

Which evolves primarily during the oral age. The oral stage is the first Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs while the child is still an infant (i.e., the stage goes from birth to 1 year). As mentioned earlier, attachments in human as well as animal studies indicate that the bonding process takes place early in life.

Question 37

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general a. girls grow up to smile more. b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2. c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age. d. all of the above.

Answer 37

All of the above.

Question 38

The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is a. oral. b. anal. c. phallic. d. latency.

Answer 38

Latency.

Question 39

In terms of parenting young children a. boys are punished more than girls. b. girls are punished more than boys. c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion. d. boys show more empathy toward others.

Answer 39

Boys are punished more than girls.

Question 40

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. b. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes. c. a and b. d. a theory proposed by B. F. Skinner’s colleagues.

Answer 40

How much heredity or environment interact to influence development.

Question 41

Stage theorists assume a. qualitative changes between stages occur. b. differences surely exist but usually can’t be measured. c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint. d. b and c.

Answer 41

Qualitative changes between stages occur.

Question 42

Development a. begins at birth. b. begins during the first trimester of pregnancy. c. is a continuous process which begins at conception. d. a and c.

Answer 42

Is a continuous process which begins at conception.

Question 43

Development is cephalocaudal, which means a. foot to head. b. head to foot. c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment. d. b and c.

Answer 43

Head to foot. The head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalocaudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail.

Question 44

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes. b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes. c. assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. d. all of the above.

Answer 44

All of the above.

Question 45

Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage a. abstract thinking emerges. b. problems can be solved using deduction. c. a and b. d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless.

Answer 45

A and B.

Question 46

Kohlberg lists ________ stages of moral development which fall into ________ levels. a. 6;3 b. 6;6 c. 3;6 d. 3;3

Answer 46

6;3

Question 47

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development. b. is in the preconventional level. c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles. d. a and c.

Answer 47

A and C.

Question 48

Freud’s Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage) a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur. b. occurs during the phallic stage. c. a and b. d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory.

Answer 48

A and B. The Oedipus complex—the boy’s secret wish to marry his mother, paired with rage toward his father—is said to occur between ages 3 and 5.

Question 49

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as a. systematicdesensitization. b. covertdesensitization. c. in vivo desensitization. d. the Electra complex.

Answer 49

The Electra complex.

Question 50

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency. c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal. d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal.

Answer 50

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 51

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing a. Piaget’s concept of conservation. b. Erikson’s trust versus mistrust paradigm. c. Piaget’s formal operations. d. an apparatus known as a visual cliff.

Answer 51

An apparatus known as a visual cliff.

Question 52

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as a. organismictheorists. b. statisticaldevelopmentalists. c. empiricists. d. all of the above.

Answer 52

Empiricists

Question 53

An empiricist view of development would be a. psychometric. b. behavioristic. c. against the use of formal statistical testing. d. a and c.

Answer 53

Behavioristic.

Question 54

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers a. showed marked borderline personality traits. b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly. c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion. d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

Answer 54

Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

Question 55

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? a. Behaviorism. b. Organicism. c. Statisticaldevelopmentalism. d. all of the above.

Answer 55

Organicism. The term organismic also has been used to describe gestalt psychologists, such as Kurt Goldstein, who emphasize a holistic model.

Question 56

In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the a. sensorimotorstage. b. formal operational stage. c. preoperationalstage. d. acquisition of conservation.

Answer 56

Sensorimotor Stage.

Question 57

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered a. objectpermanence. b. reflexiveresponse. c. representationalthought. d. a and c.

Answer 57

A and C. The child who has not mastered object permanence is still a victim of “out of sight, out of mind.” The child, needless to say, needs representational thought to master object permanence, which is also called object constancy.

Question 58

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. b. preoperational stage—ages 2–7 years. c. concrete operational stage—ages 7–12 years. d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.

Answer 58

Sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.

Question 59

John Bowlby has asserted that a. attachment is not instinctual. b. attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle. c. a and b. d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

Answer 59

Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood. Remember, Bowlby starts with a “b” and so does bonding.

Question 60

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life a. still developed in a normal fashion. b. still related very well with animals reared normally. c. appeared to be autistic. d. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns.

Answer 60

Appeared to be autistic.

Question 61

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ________ a given psychosexual stage. a. skip b. become fixated at c. ignore d. a and c

Answer 61

Become fixated at. In psychoanalytic theory the word fixation implies that the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. The person literally becomes stuck (or fixated) in a stage where he or she feels safe. Therefore, when life becomes too traumatic, emotional development can come to a screeching halt, although physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace.

Question 62

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive. c. reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child’s behavior. d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring.

Answer 62

Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. Experiments have demonstrated that even nursery school age children display more violent behavior after observing violence.

Question 63

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means a. behavior results from unconscious aggression. b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men. c. a and b. d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.

Answer 63

Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species. Instincts (e.g., hunger) are species-specific innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned. Instincts are not learned behavioral responses.

Question 64

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to a. Piaget’s famous case study methodology. b. the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment. c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs. d. all of the above.

Answer 64

The study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment. The study of ethology was developed by European zoologists who tried to explain behavior using Darwinian theory.

Question 65

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignores the clown’s other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of a. egocentrism. b. centration. c. formal abstract reasoning. d. deductiveprocesses.

Answer 65

Centration. Centration occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it.

Question 66

Piaget felt a. that homework depresses the elementary child’s IQ. b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser’s concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings. c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily. d. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.

Answer 66

That teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. Piaget felt that before the final stage (i.e., formal operations, which begins at age 11 or 12) a child learns best from his or her own actions, not lectures, and his or her interactions and communications with peers rather than adults.

Question 67

Piaget’s preoperational stage a. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning. b. includes mastering conservation. c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. d. all of the above.

Answer 67

Include the acquisition of a symbolic schema. Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur. A milk carton can easily become a spaceship or a pie plate can become the steering wheel of an automobile.

Question 68

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual. c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial. d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved.

Answer 68

Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.

Question 69

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by a. the principle of negative reinforcement. b. sex-rolesocialization. c. Lorenz’s studies on imprinting. d. ethologicaldata.

Answer 69

Sex-rolesocialization

Question 70

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of a. Freud. b. Adler on birth order. c. Erikson. d. Bowlby.

Answer 70

Bowlby. In psychoanalysis the term object describes the target of one’s love. Bowlby felt that if the child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3 he or she would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult.

Question 71

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that a. in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls. b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys. c. in general, boys have better visual–perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls. d. b and c.

Answer 71

B and C.

Question 72

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is a. the primal scene. b. preconscious psychic processes. c. Sibling rivalry. d. BASIC-ID.

Answer 72

Sibling Rivalry

Question 73

A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to a. Jung’s concepts of anima, animus. b. Freud’s wish fulfillment. c. Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2–7 years. d. egoidentity.

Answer 73

Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2–7 years.

Question 74

Elementary school counseling and guidance services a. have been popular since the early 1900s. b. became popular during World War II. c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. d. none of the above.

Answer 74

Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.

Question 75

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don’t seem to have an impact on youngsters’ lives. b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed. c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work. d. these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts.

Answer 75

These counselors are effective, do make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed.

Question 76

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson a. Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation stage simply doesn’t exist. b. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises. c. an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. d. b and c.

Answer 76

B and C.

Question 77

Erikson’s middle-age stage (ages 35–60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family. b. the opposite of stagnation. c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. d. all of the above.

Answer 77

All of the above.

Question 78

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels a. the burden of senile psychosis. b. ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage. c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life’s precious opportunities. d. the burden of generalized anxiety disorder as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Answer 78

Ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage.

Question 79

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ________ is to Erikson. a. integrity versus despair b. Kohlberg c. trust versus mistrust d. playtherapy

Answer 79

Trust versus mistrust

Question 80

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? a. A.Lazarus. b. H.Harlow. c. J.Wolpe. d. A.Ellis.

Answer 80

H. Harlow. He is best known for his work with rhesus monkeys at the University of Wisconsin. He used surrogate mothers made from terry cloth and others made of wood and wire.

Question 81

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client a. has “learned helplessness” syndrome. b. suffers from a phobia. c. suffers from fixation. d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon.

Answer 81

Suffers from fixation.

Question 82

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. eros.

Answer 82

Superego.

Question 83

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? a. CarlRogers. b. B. F. Skinner. c. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. d. KonradLorenz.

Answer 83

Konrad Lorenz. According to Lorenz, aggressiveness is part of our evolution and was necessary for survival.

Question 84

The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with a. Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level. b. Kohlberg’s conventional level. c. the work of Carl Jung. d. Piaget’s autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8.

Answer 84

Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.

Question 85

A critical period a. makes imprinting possible. b. emphasizes manifest dream content. c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all. d. a and c.

Answer 85

A and C. A critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process. A critical period marks the importance of heredity and environment on development. In humans, for example, language acquisition is thought to begin at around age 2 and ends at about age 14.

Question 86

Imprinting—rapid learning during a critical period of development—is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by a. ErikErikson. b. Milton H. Erickson. c. KonradLorenz. d. HarryHarlow.

Answer 86

Konrad Lorenz. Some behavioral scientists refer to instinctual behavior as “species-specific,” meaning that the behavioral trait occurs in every member of the species. The behavior is unlearned and universal.

Question 87

Martial satisfaction a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home. b. often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home. c. correlates high with performance IQ. d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college- educated children.

Answer 87

Often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home.

Question 88

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher- order needs, such as self-actualization. b. that psychopathology rests within the id. c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization. d. that stimulus-response (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes.

Answer 88

Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher- order needs, such as self-actualization.

Question 89

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz. b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics. c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings. d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average.”

Answer 89

Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average.”

Question 90

Piaget is a. amaturationist. b. abehaviorist. c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. d. cognitive-behavioral.

Answer 90

A structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. According to the structuralist viewpoint, each stage is a way of making sense out of the world.

Question 91

________ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21. a. Environmental b. Genetic (conditions passed through genes) c. Chemical dependency d. Unconscious

Answer 91

Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

Question 92

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called a. counterbalancing. b. equilibration. c. balancetheory. d. ABAdesign.

Answer 92

Equilibration

Question 93

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists a. conduct therapy in the here and now. b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior. c. believe group work is most effective. d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.

Answer 93

Allow clients to work through early conflicts. Counselors of this persuasion allow the client to work through the old painful material. Theoretically, the counselor acts almost like a perfect nonjudgmental parent. And thus the client can explore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category.

Question 94

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as a. hysteria. b. pica. c. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. d. dysfunctional repetition.

Answer 94

Fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.

Question 95

Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group. b. biofeedback training is highly recommended. c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. d. the activity of meaning making is discouraged.

Answer 95

The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.

Question 96

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality. c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget’s stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints. d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion.

Answer 96

No one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.

Question 97

Equilibration is a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes. b. performed via the id according to the Freudians. c. a synonym for concrete operational thought. d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).

Answer 97

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).

Question 98

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on a. Maslow’s higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. b. building accurate empathy of family members. c. Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. d. the identified patient.

Answer 98

Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.

Question 99

The anal retentive personality is a. charitable. b. stingy. c. kind. d. thinks very little about money matters.

Answer 99

Stingy

Question 100

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be a. considered an oral character. b. considered an anal character. c. considered a genital character. d. fixated at the latency stage.

Answer 100

Considered an oral character.