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Tissues of the body > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

(72 cards)

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0
Q

In general, what two components make up cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes

- Extensive ECM

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1
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular

A

-Avascular

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2
Q

What is the function of the chondrocytes within cartilage?

A

-To produce and maintain ECM

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3
Q

What is the ECM of cartilage made up of?

A
  • Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan aggregates
  • Proteoglycan monomers have a core protein with gags attached
  • Collagen fibres
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4
Q

What are the characteristic features of cartilage?

A
  • Resilience to repeated applied pressure
  • Non-compressibility
  • Solid but pliable
  • Elasticity
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5
Q

What does the gag:collagen ratio of the ECM ensure?

A

-The ratio permits diffusion of nutrients to the chondrocytes from the surrounding blood vessels

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6
Q

Which type of collagen is predominantly found in cartilage?

A

-Type 2

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7
Q

What type of tissue is cartilage?

A

-Connective tissue

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8
Q

Name the three type os cartilage

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
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9
Q

What is the ECM of hyaline cartilage made of?

A
  • Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan aggregates bound to type II collagen
  • Proteoglycan monomers have a core protein with gags attached
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10
Q

What is the main characteristic feature of hyaline cartilage?

A

-Resilience to repeated pressure loads

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11
Q

What occurs when pressure loads are applied to hyaline cartilage?

A

-Creates mechanical, electrical and chemical signals which direct the synthetic activity of the chondrocytes

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12
Q

What cell type is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

-Chondrocytes

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13
Q

Where in the body is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • larynx, trachea, bronchus
  • ear and nose
  • ribs
  • articulating surfaces of joints
  • At the epiphyseal growth plate
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14
Q

What surrounds cartilage?

A

-Perichondrium

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15
Q

What is particular about the hyaline cartilage at articulating surfaces of joints?

A
  • No perichondrium as would be damaged, needs to be smooth and thus cannot repair itself, gets nutrients from surrounding fluid
  • Also contains type III collagen
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16
Q

Why does hyaline cartilage at articulating surfaces have irregular boundaries?

A

-To prevent shearing off

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17
Q

Describe how chondrocytes are distributed in hyaline cartilage

A

-Lie in lacunae, separated by ECM that they secrete or in isogenous groups if just recently divided, which eventually become to lie separately

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18
Q

Why does hyaline cartilage remain at the epiphyseal growth plates?

A

-To allow elongation of long bones

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19
Q

What is interstitial growth in cartilage?

A

-Growth which occurs as a result of isogenous groups secreting matrix and becoming single cells laying in separate lacuna

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20
Q

What is appositional growth?

A
  • Growth from the periphery
  • The perichondrium contains elongate fibroblast-like cells which develop into chondroblasts and then into chondrocytes, laying down ground substance as they develop
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21
Q

What is the territorial matrix?

A

-The highly sulphated deeply staining matrix immediately surrounding chondrocytes

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22
Q

What is the interterritorial matrix?

A

-The matrix which lies in between chondrocytes and their lacunas

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23
Q

How is the ECM of elastic cartilage similar/different from that of hyaline cartilage, and what extra feature does this add?

A
  • ECM made of hyaluronic acid and protein aggregates providing resilience
  • Contains many elastic fibres conferring elasticity upon the cartilage
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24
What colour is elastic cartilage in FRESH tissue?
-Yellowish
25
Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?
- Pinna of the ear - Eustachian tube - Epiglottis - Auditory meatus
26
Does hyaline cartilage or elastic cartilage have more abundant chondrocytes?
-Elastic
27
What cell type(s) does fibrocartilage contain?
-Chondrocytes and fibroblasts (in relatively low numbers)
28
Why is fibrocartilage different from hyaline and elastic cartilage?
-It is a mixture of dense irregular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
29
Does fibrocartilage have a surrounding perichondrium?
-No
30
Describe the distribution of cells within fibrocartilge
- Often found in rows or isogenous groups | - Few
31
What fibres does fibrocartilage contain?
-TI and TII collagen
32
How are the fibres arranged in fibrocartilage? Relate the structure to its function
- Fibres run in parallel with direction of force exerted upon it - Provides high tensile strength and non-compressibility
33
What is the main function of fibrocartilage?
-Shock absorber and resistance of shearing force
34
Where is fibrocartilage located in the body?
- Intervertebral discs - Sternoclavicular and temperomandibular joints - Menisci of the knee joing - Pubic Synthesis - Ethesis
35
What is ethesis?
-Point of attachment of tendon to bone
36
Which type of cartilage calcifies with age?
-Hyaline
37
Which cartilage is the most common?
-Hyaline
38
In general, what are the three constituents of bone?
- Cells - ECM - Fibres
39
What is specific about the ECM of bone?
-Integrated with mineral salts, particularly calcium phosphate for rigidity and hardness
40
How is bone specialised for its function?
-High mechanical strength with minimal weight
41
Name the different groups of bones
- Long bones - Short bones - Flat bones - Sesamoid bones
42
What are the two types of bone?
- Compact | - Spongy (Cancellous/trabecular)
43
What is the macroscopic histiological appearance of compact bone?
-Dense bone with no cavities
44
Where is compact bone found?
-External surfaces of bones
45
Microscopically, into what is compact bone arranged?
-Into osteons
46
What are osteons?
-Concentric lamellae of bone arranged around a central haversian canal, joined to other osteons, periosteum and bone marrow by volkmann canals
47
What do haversian canals carry?
-Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
48
What is cementing substance?
-A thin homogenous layer of amorphous material between osteons
49
Are volkmann canals surrounded by concentric lamellae?
-No
50
What are interstitial lamellae?
-Remnants of lamellae which used to be concentrically arranged around an osteon have been remodelled
51
What is the macroscopic structure of cancellous bone?
-Interconnecting network of cavities, filled with bone marrow separated by numerous irregular trabeculae
52
What is the microscopic structure of trabeculae?
- No haversian systems | - Lamellae not arranged in concentric circles but irregularly
53
How does trabecular bone receive nutrients?
-By diffusion from the marrow
54
What is periosteum?
-Vascular connective tissue which surrounds bone
55
What cell types are found in bone?
- Osteoblasts (which develop into osteocytes) | - Osteoclasts
56
What is the function of osteoblasts?
-Lay down new osteiod in bone remodelling
57
What is the function of osteoclasts?
-To resorb bone during bone remodelling
58
How do osteoclasts exert their action?
-Through H+ and lysosomal enzymes
59
In what do osteocytes lie?
-Lacunae
60
How are osteocytes arranged in immature and mature bone?
- Immature-> fairly randomly arranged | - Mature-> in the concentric lamellae
61
What is different about the lacunae of bone to lacunae of cartilage?
-Radiate canaliculi which anastomose with canaliculi of other lacunae
62
What is the function of canaliculi?
-Permit osteocyte cytoplasmic processes and passage of ions and nutrients to those osteocytes which lay far away from the artery
63
What is the sheath of neumann?
-fine fibrous tissue which lines lacunae and canaliculi
64
What must happen to bone in order for it to be histologically viewed?
-Decalcified which kills organic material or -Ground
65
Describe the action of bone remodelling
- Osteoclasts resorb bone through H+ and lysosomal enzymes which forms a cutting cone which runs parallel to the direction of the haversian canal creating a resorption cavity, osteoclasts lie in the resulting depression - Osteoblasts deposit osteoid in sucessive lamellae creating a closing cone, filling the resorption cavity with new bone
66
Why can the bone resist fracture until a certain point?
- High tensile strength | - Degree of flexibility- lamellae can slip relative to one another before excessive force causes fracture
67
What are the four stages of bone repair following a fracture?
- Haematoma formation - Fracture repair - Bony callus formation - Bone remodelling
68
Describe haematoma formation following a fracture
- Blood vessels in bone and periosteum break - Haematoma (mass of clotted blood) forms - Cells at periphery of fracture die due to lack of blood supply - Removed by macrophages
69
Describe fracture repair following haematoma in a bone fracture
- New blood vessels infiltrate haematoma - Procallus of granulation tissue (tissue rich in fibroblasts and capillaries) forms - Fibroblasts produce collagen fibres which span the break, others differentiate into chrondrocytes and form a sleeve of hyaline cartilage across the break - An externally buldging fibrocartilagineous matrix splints the bone
70
Describe bony callus formation after procallus formation following a fracture
- Trabeculae develop and a spongy callus is formed - Edochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone - Fibrocartilagineous callus is know a hard bony callus of cancellous bone - Continues for 2 months until hard union is formed
71
Describe bone remodelling following a fracture
- Spongy bone remodelled to compact bone at cortical regions - Osteoclasts remove externall budlging bone and bone protruding into medullary cavity - Final shape will be the same as the original bone as remodelling will be in response to the same mechanical stressors

Tissues of the body (17 decks)

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