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Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

Overview of common terms, structures, and formations found in the human skeletal system (152 cards)

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0
Q

What is the Skeletal System?

A

Dynamic living tissues. bones, cartilage, ligaments, CT that stabilizes or connect to Bones.

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1
Q

What is the supporting framework for the soft tissues of the body?

A

Skeleton

skeletos=dried

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2
Q

Define cartilage.

What are the components?

A

-Semirigid CT.
-Weaker than bone BUT more flexible and resilient.
cells scattered through a matrix of protein fibers in ground substance

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3
Q

What are Chondroblasts?

A

(chondros=grit; blastos=germ)

chondrocyte cells that produce the matrix in cartilage.

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4
Q

What do lacunae hold?

A

Chondrocytes, Osteocytes

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5
Q

What are the functions of Cartilage?

A
  • Support soft tissue
  • provides gliding surface at articulation (joints), where two bones meet
  • model for formation later replaced by bone
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6
Q

What are the two growth patterns for cartilage?

A

Interstitial and Appositional

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7
Q

What is the name for internal growth of cartilage?

A

Interstitial

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8
Q

What is the name for external growth of cartilage?

A

Appositional

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9
Q

What’s the process for Interstitial Growth?

A

1) chondrocyte in lacunae go through mitosis
2) 2 new cells occupy lacunae
3) as cells synthesize & secrete new matrix
4) new cells push apart and reside in their own lacunae
* *New matrix=new chondrocyte

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10
Q

Describe the Appositional Growth Process

A

1) stem cells at internal edge perichondrium divide…
2) form a new stem cell & Committed Cell
3) committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts
4) chondroblasts, periphery of old cartilage, secrete new cartilage matrix.
5) Push apart & become chondrocytes in lacunae

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11
Q

When does Interstitial and Appositional growth occur?

A
  • Simultaneously.

- Interstitial growth ceases when cartilage matures, but reoccurs when cartilage is damaged

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12
Q

What tissue types are in bones?

Name them

A

ALL
-Bone Tissue: (Osseus CT) Primarily present.
-CT Proper: Periosteum
-Cartilage CT: articular cartilage
-Smooth Muscle Tissue: forming walls of blood vessels that supply bone
-Fluid CT: Blood
-Epithelial Tissue: lining the inside opening of blood vessels
Nervous Tissue: Nerves that supply bone

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13
Q

Define calcification

A
  • a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts)
  • makes bones rigid
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14
Q

What’s the functions of bones?

A
  • Support & Protect
  • Movement
  • Hemopoies
  • Storage of Minerals & Energy Reserves: store 90% of calcium & phosphate
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15
Q

Describe Hemopoies

A

Blood cell production in red bone marrow (contains stem cells form all formed elements in blood), located in some spongy bone & medullary cavity. As children mature, red bone marrow disintegrates and replaced by yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue)

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16
Q

Describe Long Bones

Where can they be located?

A

-Greater length than width.
-cylindrical diaphysis
-different sizes.
EX) legs, fingers, toes, palms

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17
Q

Describe Short Bones

Where can they be located?

A

-Length=Width.
-Exterior is Compact bone
-Interior is Spongy Bone.
EX) Carpals, Tarsals, Sesamoid bones, patella

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18
Q

Describe Flat Bones

Where can they be located?

A

-Parallel surfaces of compact bone with internally placed spongy bone.
-extensive surface for muscle attachment & protect underlying soft tissue
EX) Skull roof, shoulder blades, sternum

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19
Q

Describe Irregular Bones

Where can they be located?

A

-elaborate/complex shapes.

EX) vertebrae, ossa coxae, skull bones (ethmoid & sphenoid)

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20
Q

What are the 4 different types of bones?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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21
Q

Describe the medullary Cavity and where it’s located?

A
  • “marrow cavity”
  • hollow
  • in diaphysis
  • adults=yellow bone marrow
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22
Q

What part of the bone is long and provides leverage and support?

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

What cartilage promotes movement, reduces friction, and absorbs shock on bone joints?

A

Articular Cartilage

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24
Where is the Metaphysis located?
Between Epiphysis & Diaphysis
25
Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate
Hayline cartilage that continues growing and elongating the bone as a child. It turns into the Epiphyseal line as an adult.
26
What incomplete later of cells covers internal surface of bones?
Endosteum
27
What is the periosteum?
-tough outer sheath EXCEPT areas w/ articular cartilage -Dense Irregular CT. tough outer fibrous, inner cellular layer -perforating fibers -protects, anchors BV and nerves to surface of bone, provides stem cells (osteoprogenitor & osteoblasts) for width growth & fracture repair
28
What is the Endosteum?
- incomplete later of cells covers internal surface of bones - osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts - active during growth, repair, & remodeling
29
Define perforating fibers
-perforating fibers: collagen fibers attaches periosteum to bone. perpendicular to diaphysis
30
Where do osteoprogenitor cells originate from?
menchyme
31
What 4 types of cells are found in bone CT?
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, osteoclasts
32
where do osteoclasts derive from?
-large, multinucleated, phagocyte, ruffled border where it contacts bone; increases surface area exposure
33
What bone cells derive from fused bone marrow
Osteoclasts
34
What's the Bone resorption Process?
- osteocytes secrete hydrochloric acid & dissolve calcium+phosphorus of matrix - lysosomes secrete enzymes & dissolve organic matrix - osteolysis occurs, ions enter tissue fluid & then blood
35
What process involves the release of stored calcium & phosphate from bone matrix?
osteolysis
36
Where are Osteoprogenitor Cells located? | How do they divide?
- periosteum & endosteum | - “committed cell”+stem cell= Osteoblast
37
Describe Osteoblasts
- (blasts=germ) - cuboidal structure - produce new bone and osteocytes - secrete Osteoid
38
Define Osteoid
- Semi solid bone matrix | - calcium salt deposition= calcifies & hardens
39
Osteocytes
- (cyt=cell) | - mature bone cells from osteoblasts stuck in their secreted matrix
40
What "shells" osteocytes in matrix?
lacunae
41
What bone cells remove matrix and add matrix?
osteoclasts remove matrix; osteoblasts add
42
What's the amount of matrix composition of organic and inorganic material in bones?
1/3 organic to 2/3 inorganic
43
What is the organic material in matrix?
cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
44
What are the inorganic components of bone matrix?
Ca3(PO4)2+Ca(OH2)=Ca10(PO4)6(OH2) Calcium phosphate+Calcium Hydroxide= Hydroxyapatite
45
Hydroxyapatite
- hardens matrix | - includes other salts (calcium carbonate) & ions (sodium, magnesium, sulfate, fluoride in calcification process
46
What are the components of an Osteon? (4)
- Central Canal, - Concentric Lamellae - Osteocytes - Canaliculi
47
What structures are NOT part of Osteon Proper? (3)
- Perforating Canals - Circumferential Lamellae - Interstitial Lamellae
48
What is central to the osteon and hold BV & nerves supply to bone?
Central Canal
49
What are Concentric Lamellae?
- (lamina=plate/leaf) - rings of Bone CT. - collagen fibers oriented in one direction=gives bones strength & resilience.
50
Describe Canaliculi?
(canalis=canal) - tiny, interconnecting lacuna channels, travel through lamellae, - communication, transfer minerals and waste
51
What structure connects central canales?
Perforating Canals: (Volkmann Canals) | **resemble central canals.
52
What lamellae are internal to periosteum and/or endosteum?
Circumferential Lamellae
53
Describe Interstitial Lamellae?
- leftover disorbed osteons. | - incomplete/no central canal
54
What word defines spongy bone in between two compact bones in flat skull bone?
dipole: (diplous=double)
55
define trabeculae
open lattice of narrow plates of bone
56
Describe Spongy Bone
Porous - primarily internal. in epiphysis - hold parallel lamellae & trabeculae
57
What are osteons replaced by in spongy bone?
parallel lamellae
58
Describe parallel lamellae
- osteocytes in lacunae - numerous canaliculi - criss-crossing
59
What process involves the formation & development of bone CT?
-Ossification/ Osteogenesis - (os=bone; facio=to make) - (genesis=beginning)
60
When is the skeleton formed with structural mesenchyme or hyaline cartilage?
12 weeks
61
What's the 1st step of Intramembranous Ossification?
1. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme. - Starts 8th week - Holds Ossification Centers
62
What's the 2nd step of Intramembranous Ossification?
2. Osteoid undergoes calcification a. osteoid+calcification=crystallization (hardening) b. calcification entraps osteoblasts in lacunae=osteocytes
63
Describe Ossification Centers
- mesenchyme cells divide=osteoprogenitor cells or osteoblasts (secrete osteoid). - centers multiply as osteoblasts increase
64
What's the 3rd step of Intramembranous Ossification?
3. Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form - mesenchyme thickens on woven bone=periosteum - bone expands w/ continuous osteoclast entrapments - Blood vessels grow and branch out - calcified trabeculae+intertrabecular spaces=spongy bone
65
Describe Woven Bone
(primary bone) immature bone replaced by lamellae bone (secondary bone)
66
What's the 4th step of Intramembranous Ossification?
4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact & spongy bone form
68
What ossification process involves "bone growth within a membrane"?
Intramembranous (Dermal) Ossification EX) produces flat bones of skull, facial bones (zygomatic bone, maxilla), mandible (lower jaw), central part of clavicle (collarbone)
69
Describe Dermal Ossification
(Intramembranous Ossification) Dermal bone does not form from cartilage that then calcifies. Dermal bone is formed within the dermis and grows by accretion only – the outer portion of the bone is deposited by osteoblasts
70
What are Ossification Centers?
mesenchyme cells divide=osteoprogenitor cells or osteoblasts (secrete osteoid). centers multiply as osteoblasts increase
71
What is primary bone? | What is it replaced by?
- Woven Bone | - Replaces Woven Bone
72
What is secondary bone? | What does it replace?
- Lamellae Bone | - Replaces Woven Bone
73
How is periosteum made?
Mesenchyme thickens on woven bone
74
What dense layer of vascular connective tissue envelopes the bones except at the surfaces of the joints?
Periosteum
75
Endochondral Ossification
(endo=within; chondral=cartilage) begins w/hyaline cartilage model produces most skeletal bones
76
What's the 1st step to Endochondral Ossification? | What does it develope?
1. The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops | - happens 8-12 weeks into development
77
What's the 2nd step to Endochondral Ossification?
2. Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms
78
What's the 3rd step to Endochondral Ossification?
3. The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
79
What's the 4th step to Endochondral Ossification?
4. Secondary Ossification centers from in the epiphysis
80
What's the 5th step to Endochondral Ossification?
5. Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal
81
What's the 6th step to Endochondral Ossification? | When does this process occur?
6. Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines | - Ages 10-25
82
What forms periosteal bone collar?
Hardened Osteoid
83
What happens during primary ossification?
bone replaces cartilage in hyaline models
84
During Endochondral Ossification, when are most primary ossification centers developed?
12th week
85
During Endochondral Ossification, when does secondary ossification occur?
Birth-Childhood
86
What are the Zones of Epiphyseal Plate Morphology? | *There are 5
1. Zone of Resting Cartilage 2. Zone of Proliferating Cartilage 3. Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage 4. Zone of Calcified Cartilage 5. Zone of Ossification
87
Describe Zone of Resting Cartilage
1. Zone of Resting Cartilage - farthest from medullary cavity, closest to epiphysis - small chondrocytes throughout matrix - mature/healthy cartilage - secures epiphysis to epiphyseal plate
88
Describe Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
2. Zone of Proliferating Cartilage | - chondrocyte rapid mitotic cell division,enlarge,stack in columns of flattened lacunae
89
Describe Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
3. Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage - chondrocytes stop dividing>hypertrophy - lacunae walls thin as chondrocytes resorb matrix
90
Describe Zone of Calcified Cartilage
4. Zone of Calcified Cartilage - narrow, few cells thick - Minerals deposited in matrix through columns of lacunae - calcification kills chondrocytes= matrix not transparent
91
Describe Zone of Ossification
5. Zone of Ossification - lacunae walls break down=longitudinal channels - capillaries & osteoprogenitor cells from medullary cavity invade spaces - new matrix deposited
92
What is "internal" bone growth?
Interstitial Growth
93
Describe interstitial bone growth process
- epiphyseal plate- pushing zone2&3 - bone production zone5 - maturity=epiphyseal cartilage slows+osteoblast activity accelerates=epiphyseal narrows - Epiphyseal line=growth stopped
94
What is "external" bone growth?
Appositional Growth
95
Describe appositional bone growth process
- periosteum forms | - bone resorbed by osteoclasts>Bone deposited by osteoblasts
96
Describe the bone remodeling process
- deposition of new bone CT & resorption of old bone CT - regulates calcium & phosphorus levels - stimulated by stress of bone - periosteal & endosteal surfaces - 20% adult skeleton replaced yearly - compact bone replaced slower than spongy
97
Where do blood vessels enter through to the bone?
Periosteum
98
Describe Nutrient BV
(Nutrient Artery & Nutrient Vein) - enters & leaves through foramen - supply diaphysis of long bone - branch externally along shaft towards epiphyses and into central cavity of osteons within compact bone and the marrow cavity
99
Describe Metaphyseal BV
(Metaphyseal Artery & Vein) - provide nutrients to diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate - where bone ossification forms bone CT to replace epiphyseal cartilage
100
Describe Epiphyseal BV
-provide to epiphysis of bone | metaphyseal & epiphyseal connect when Epiphyseal line forms
101
Describe Periosteal BV
- external circumferential lamellae & superficial osteons | - BV enter diaphysis and perforating canals
102
What's Somatropin? | What does it do?
- Growth Hormone - stimulates the production of hormone Somatomedin in liver - promotes epiphyseal plate growth
103
What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroid Hormone & Calcitonin
104
What influences basal metabolic rate of bone growth?
Thyroid Hormone
105
What hormone influences calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
106
What hormone increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts?
Parathyroid Hormone
107
What hormone does the parathyroid secret?
Parathyroid Hormone
108
What are the sex hormones?
Estrogen (F) & Testosterone (M)
109
How do sex hormones affect bone growth?
- increase osteoblasts in epiphyseal plate | - puberty=beginning of end of growth
110
How does Vitamin A effect bone growth?
Activates Osteoblasts
111
How does Vitamin C (asorbic acid) effect bone growth?
Promotes collagen production
112
How does Vitamin D effect bone growth?
- Promotes obsorption of calcium & phosphate into blood | - Helps w/ calcification of bone
113
What hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids
114
What happens if levels of glucocorticoids is cronically low?
bone resorption occurs & significant bone mass is lost
115
How does exercise effect bones?
- stress=bone remodeling & calcitonin - mineral salts+collagen= strengthening - Increased Bone Mass
116
What is a break in a bone called?
Fracture
117
How is a fracture named?
stress, trauma, or pathology & amount of Soft Tissue Damage
118
What fracture occurs on weight bearing bones due to recent/ repetitive activity?
Stress Fractures | EX) pelvis & lower-limbs of Runners
119
What fracture is caused by excessive impact/stress to bone?
Traumatic Fracture
120
What fracture is caused by the weakening of bone due to disease?
Pathological Fracture
121
What is a simple fracture and how long does it take to heal?
- DOESNT penetrate skin | - 2-3months
122
What fracture does penetrate the skin & underlying tissues?
Compound fracture
123
How does a fracture repair itself? | 4 steps
1. A fracture hematoma forms 2. A fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms 3. A hard (bony) callus forms 4. The bone is remodeled
124
How long does a hard callus last?
3-4 months
125
What is clotting called during fracture repair?
Fracture Hematoma
126
How long does a fibrocartilaginous callus last?
3 weeks
127
What condition causes bone mass to become reduced enough to compromise normal function?
Osteoporosis
128
What is refered to as "brittle bone disease"?
osteogenesis imperfecta
129
What are the 4 articulating surface structures called?
Condyle Facet Head Trochlea
130
What is a large, smooth, rounded articulating structure called?
Condyle
131
What is a small, flat, shallow articulating surface called?
Facet
132
What is a prominent, rounded epiphysis called?
Head
133
What is a smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process called?
Trochlea
134
What are the 3 Depressions called?
Alveolus (alveoli) Fossa (fossae) Sulcus
135
What is a deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible called?
Alveolus
136
What is a flattened or shallow depression called?
Fossa
137
What is a narrow grove called?
Sulcus
138
What are the 9 projections for tendons & ligament attachments?
Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Process, Ramus (rami), Spine, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity
139
What is a narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection called?
Crest
140
What projection is adjacent to a condyle?
Epicondyle
141
What is a low ridge called?
Line
142
What are any marked bony prominence called?
Process
143
What are angular extensions of a bone relative to the rest of the structure?
Ramus (rami)
144
What is a pointed slender process called?
Spine
145
What massive, rough projection is found only on the femur?
Trochanter
146
What is a small, round projection called?
Tubercle
147
What is a large, rough projection called?
Tuberosity
148
What are the 4 openings/spaces that can be found on a human skeleton?
Canal Fissure Foramen (foramina) Sinus
149
What is a passageway through a bone called?
Canal
150
What is a narrow, slitlike opening through a bone called?
Fissure
151
What is a rounded passageway through a bone called?
Foramen
152
What is a cavity or hollow space in a bone called?
Sinus

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