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Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the parts of the Integumentary System?

A

skin & derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, & sebaceous/oil glands)

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1
Q

What’s Integument?

A

skin that covers the body

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2
Q

What is the scientific study of treatment for Integumentary system?

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

What are the 3 main layers in the Integumentary System?

A

1) epidermis
2) dermis
3) subcutaneous layer

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4
Q

Describe selective permeability

A

pass some materials, effectively block others

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5
Q

Define TEWL

A

Transepidermal Water Loss: interstitial fluids evaporate

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6
Q

Define: Insensible Perspiration

A

Release of water from sweat glands when NOT sweating.

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7
Q

Define: Sensible perspiration

A

Release of water through sweat glands when sweating

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8
Q

Describe: Epidermal dendritic cells

A

(Langerhans cells)

phagocytize pathogens that penetrated the epidermis & fights epidermal cancer cells

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9
Q

Describe: Tactile Cells

A

(Merkel Cells) large epithelial cells stimulate nerve endings that are distorted by fine pressure

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10
Q

Describe: Epidermis

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • avascular. nutrients diffusion from dermis
  • Consist of 5 stratas
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11
Q

Define strata and what are the 5 categories in epithelium?

A
  • Strata: Layers
  • Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
  • 1,2,3 stratas= living keratinocytes
  • 4,5 startas=dead keratinocytes
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12
Q

Describe: Stratum Basale

A
  • Basal Layer (Stratum Germinativum)
  • attached to basement membrane. separates epidermis & CT
  • Consists of living Keratinocytes & Melanocytes
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13
Q

Describe: Keratinocytes

A

cytokeratin; mitosis replace dead keratinocytes on top of epithelium.
-Makes epidermis tough & almost waterproof.

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14
Q

Describe: Melanocytes

A

(meleno=black)
-branching cytoplasmic processes transfer melanosomes (pigment granules) by phagocytosis and exocytosis into keratinocytes & around nucleus to protect DNA ultraviolet rays (tanning)

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15
Q

Describe: Stratum Spinosum

A
  • “Spiny Layer”
  • polygonal keratinocytes=nondividing. attach through desmosomes.
  • Holds Epidermal dendritic (I.S. Cells)
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16
Q

Describe: Stratum Granulosum

A
  • “Granular Layer”
  • 3-4 layers of keratinocytes
  • Keratinization Occurs: cells fill up w/ keratin (protein)
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17
Q

Describe: Stratum Lucidum

A
  • clear layer; 2-3 cell layers
  • only in thick skin
  • eleidin: protein determine maturation of keratinocytes
  • dead keratinocytes
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18
Q

Describe: Eleidin

A
  • Present in Stratum Lucidum and changes to keratin in Stratum Corneum.
  • clear intracellular protein, determines maturation of keratinocytes
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19
Q

Describe: Stratum Corneum

A
  • (Corneus=horny/hornlike)
  • dead keratin layer (SKIN)
  • anucleate (without nucleus)
  • protects against pathogens
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20
Q

Describe: Thick Skin

A
  • tough & durable. sweat glands. NO hair or sebaceous glands
  • ALL 5 STRATAS
  • 400-600 um
  • soles of feet, palms, fingertips
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21
Q

Describe: Thin Skin

A
  • hair, sebaceous, sweat
  • NO STRATUM LUCIDUM
  • 75-150um
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22
Q

Define: Hemoglobin

A
  • (haima=blood)
  • oxygen binding protein in red blood cells
  • gives red tint, especially in pale skin
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23
Q

Melanin

A
  • TAN. yellow, brown, tan black tint.
  • from amino acid tyrosine. eumelanin & pheomelanin.
  • absorbs UV radiation.
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24
Describe: Carotene
- yellow-orange tint. | - converted to Vitamin A, good for eyes
25
Describe: Nevus
- (naevus=mole/birthmark) - Mole * note changes for malignancy
26
Describe: Freckles
- excessive melanocyte activity | - Depends on sun exposure & heredity
27
Describe: Hemangioma
- (angio=vessel; oma=tumor) | - congenital, skin, red discolored tumor.
28
What are Friction Ridges?
- "fingerprints." - none identical. - merocrine sweat keeps from slipping
29
What are the 2 parts of the dermis layer?
1) Papillary Layer | 2) Reticular Layer
30
Describe the Papillary Layer
- adjacent to epidermis - areolar CT. Dermal Papille interlock w/ Epidermal Ridges - Brings nutrients to epidermis cells. - sensory receptors touch tactile cells in epidermis
31
Describe the Reticular Layer of the Dermis
- "Network" - Dense Irregular CT w/ large bundles of collagen fibers - fibers connect into subcutaneous layer
32
What's the medical term for stretch marks?
Stria
33
How are wrinkles formed?
- UV diminishes flexibility & thickness of dermis | - continuous use of facial muscles
34
What are Lines of Cleavage?
Tension lines identify predominant orientation of collagen fibers
35
Where are Blood vessels found in the dermis?
-At the barrier of the reticular layer & subcutaneous layer
36
Describe the Subcutaneous Layer
- (Hypodermis). (sub=beneath; cutis=skin) - NOT Integument - Areolar CT & Adipose CT
37
Describe: Subcutaneous Fat
- Predominates Subcutaneous layer - protects, energy reservoir, thermal insulation * Men: neck, upper arm, abdomen, along lower back, buttocks * Women: breasts, buttocks, hips, thighs
38
Describe: Lanugo Hair
- un pigmented downy hair. - present on fetus during the last trimester. - Replaced at birth by Vellus hair
39
What is a "single hair"?
Pilus
40
Describe: Vellus Hair
(veelu=fleece) - un/lightly pigmented - body covering
41
What hair is coarser, pigmented, long?
Terminal
42
Why does hair turn gray?
gradual reduction of melanin
43
How does hair turn white?
absence of melanin
44
What happens during the Anagen Phase?
- cells rapidly grow, divide, & transform to hair. - 18months-7years. - 80-95% follicles in this phase
45
What phase involves the shedding of hair?
Telogen Phase
46
What Phase involves the involution of hair cells?
Catagen Phase | *3-4 weeks
48
What process involves the thinning of hair?
Alopecia
49
What causes goose bumps?
Arrector Pilli Muscle pulling & tightening around hair follicles
49
What causes goose bumps?
Arrector Pilli Muscle pulling & tightening around hair follicles
50
What does the hair-root do?
Hair Sensory Reception
50
What does the hair-root do?
Hair Sensory Reception
51
What are the 2 sweat glands?
Merocrine & Apocrine | *coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular layer or subcutaneous.
51
What are the 2 sweat glands?
Merocrine & Apocrine | *coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular layer or subcutaneous.
52
Describe Myoepithelial Cells
-In secretory glands & basement membrane. -respond sympathetic NS stimulation squeeze duct
52
Describe Myoepithelial Cells
-In secretory glands & basement membrane. -respond sympathetic NS stimulation squeeze duct
53
Describe Merocrine Sweat Glads
- duct in epidermis sweat pore - 3-4 million; mostly palms, soles, & forehead - sensible & insensible; Clear Sweat: 99% water, 1% chemicals. electrolytes (primary sodium & chloride), metabolites (lactic acids), waste products (ammonia & urea) - Thermoregulation, Secretion, Protection
53
Describe Merocrine Sweat Glads
- duct in epidermis sweat pore - 3-4 million; mostly palms, soles, & forehead - sensible & insensible; Clear Sweat: 99% water, 1% chemicals. electrolytes (primary sodium & chloride), metabolites (lactic acids), waste products (ammonia & urea) - Thermoregulation, Secretion, Protection
54
Describe: Apocrine Sweat Glands
- duct in hair follicle - axillae, areola, pubic region, anus - sweat by exocytosis, larger lumen - Sweat: Viscous, cloudy, & composed of proteins & lipids activated by bacteria, SMELL - after puberty
55
Describe: Sebaceous Glands
- sebum into hair follicles - lubricant for skin & lubricant - bactericidal property
56
What is inflammation of a sebaceous gland called?
Folliculitis
57
What is a blocked duct of sebaceous gland called?
Furuncle (Boil)
58
What is cerumen made of?
earwax=○ secretion+sebum+exfoliated keratinocytes
59
Where are the Ceruminous Glands located?
external acoustic meatus.
60
What do Mammory Glads secrete?
Milk from Breasts * modified apocrine sweat glands * in Male & Female, functional in pregnant females
61
Describe Integument Regeneration:
replace/restore damaged w/ same cells. restores organ function
62
Describe Fibrosis
-Severe damage replaced w/ thickening scar tissue. -does not restore organ function.
63
Describe the Integument Repair Process. (4steps)
1. Cut blood vessels bleed into wound. 2. Blood clots form, leukocytes clean wound 3. Blood vessels regrow, granulation tissue forms (Granulation Tissue forms in wound, vascular CT) 4. Stratum Basal regenerates, CT fibrosis occurs
64
What can possibly be damaged during the Integument Repair process?
Hair follicles, exocrine glands, nerve cells, muscle fibers
65
What's the difference between a hard and soft intercellular cements (extracellular matrix)?
Hard Matrix= strong hair | Soft Matrix=pliable & limp
66
Describe: Cuticle
Multiple cell layers around cortex
67
Describe: Hair Follicle
tube surrounds root hair
68
How does hair get it's color?
- Synthesis of melanin in the matrix adjacent to the papillae - Genetic & environment
69
What happens if there's a decline of Vitamin D3?
Vitamin D3 decreases= decline in calcium & phosphorus= decline muscle activity & bone density
70
What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?
- First stage skin cancer. - originates in stratum basale. - Appears on face
71
What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
- 2nd stage skin cancer. - keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. -Appears on scalp, ears, lower lip, back of hands. - CAN TRAVEL
72
What is Malignant Melanoma?
- 3rd stage Amin cancer. Malignant! - melanocytes, - from a pre-existing mole. - Melanoma Detection: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter (+6mm)
73
When do nails start and finish forming?
10 weeks: finger & toe nails forming from nail fields, thickened ridges of epithelium 32 weeks: fingernails 36 weeks: toenails
74
What are the stages of hair growth?
``` lanugo hair (21st week)> vellus hairs (birth)> terminal hair (childhood) ```
75
What are the stages of mammary gland development?
- primary mammary bud: 6weeks - secondary mammary bud: 16weeks - mammary pit, Lactiferous Duct, Areola: 28 weeks - female puberty fully developed

Anatomy (10 decks)

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