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MSK/Derm > Cartilage Histology > Flashcards

Cartilage Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

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2
Q

important featuers of hyaline cartilage

A

most prevalent type, has basic features common to all three types

homogeneous matrix makes it one of the most readily identifiable tissues in the body

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3
Q

What type of collagen is in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II cartilage - protein fibers in the matrix

other types help interconnect and stabilize the matrix components

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4
Q

What is the role of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cartilage?

A

form large molecular complexes with negative charges

this causes binding with water and gives the matrix its viscosity, strength, and flexibility

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5
Q

examples of hyaline cartilage

A

epiphyseal growth plates

articular cartilage

costal cartilage (where ribs join the sternum)

cartilages of the larynx

rings int he trachea and bronchi

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6
Q

What kind of collagein is in elastic cartilage?

A

type II collagen - elastic fibers

embedded in the gyaline cartilage matrix

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7
Q

examples of elastic cartilage

A

external ear (pinna)

epiglottis of the larynx

auditory (Eustacian) tube

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8
Q

What type of collagen is in fibrocartilage? What are the important histological features?

A

Type I and type II in the matrix

much greater density of fibers in the matrix compared with elastic cartilage

there is cartilage matrix around the chondrocytes and fibroblasts among the collagen fibers

may appear similar to dense regular connective tissue

distinguishing feature is the round appearance of chondrocytes due to the lacunae

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9
Q

examples of fibrocartilage

A

the annulus fibrosis of intervertebral discs

the pubic symphysis

articular discs within the sternoclavicular, temporomandibular, and knee joints

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10
Q

Describe the sequence of endochondral bone formation.

A

starts of as hyaline cartilage models

cartilage is eventually replaced by bone

ends of the bone remains hyaline cartilage at the end

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11
Q

What are the components of a typical synovial join?

A

synovial membrane

articular cartilage (hyaline)

synovial cavity

periosteium becoming the fibrous joint capsule

there is no perichondrium on articular cartilage

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12
Q

What are the components of the pericondrium?

A

fibrous layer

chondrogenic layer

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13
Q

perichondrium

A

surrounds the cartilage

it has an outer fibrous and inner chondrogenic layer

a perichondrium is absent on the articular surface of cartilage and around fibrocartilage

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14
Q

chondrogenic layer

A

source of new stem cells that will differentiate into chondroblasts

cells secrete cartilage matrix around them

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15
Q

isogenous groups

A

newly formed clusers of chondrocytes

contain chondrocytes that have recently divided - cells produce new matrix

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16
Q

capsular matrix

A

a thin, very dark staining rim that surrounds each chondrocyte

it contains type IV collagen that connects the chondrocytes to the matrix

17
Q

territorial matrix

A

consists of newly secreted matrix around isogenous groups that is darker staining because of a higher concentration of matrix molecules and fibers

18
Q

interteritorial matrix

A

older matrix between chondrocytes/isogenous groups and is lighter staining

19
Q

What are the components of cartilage?

A

matrix is 60-80% water

the rest is cells, collagen, and long hyaluronic acid (GAG) chains with proteoglycan monomers

20
Q

What are the two modes of cartilage growth?

A

interstitial grown from isogenous groups

appositional growth from perichondrium

21
Q

Does cartilage have a blood supply?

A

no, no nerves or vessels enter the cartilage

cartilage will not heal if injured

22
Q

lacunae

A

chondrocytes and chondroblasts reside here

“little lakes”

glycoproteins bind cells to the matrix

23
Q

What are the types of GAGs and their side chains in cartilage?

A

chondroitin sulfate (side chain)

keratin sulfate (side chain)

hyaluronic acid (GAG)

24
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

the largest glycosaminoglycan

a very long, repeating disaccharide that is the core of the complex

connected by link proteins to ~80 proteoglycan monomers consisting of a protein core with GAG side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

25
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?

A

laryngeal epiglottis

ear and nasal cartilages

26
Q

What are the defining features of fibrocartilage?

A

dense bundles of type I collagen fill the hyaline matrix

has chondrocytes and fibroblasts

**note **presence of lacunae **with round cells

unlike hyaline and elastic cartilage, there is no pericondrium

look for round, clear cells - baseline of hyaline cartilage matrix

27
Q

What is the purpose of fibrocartilage?

A

to help the cartilage resist shear forces in addition to compression

28
Q

What are changes in cartilage with age?

A

replaced by bone, which is lighter-staining

fatty marrow cavity

hyaline cartilage almost always becomes calcified with age

29
Q

What happens in wear and tear osteoarthritis?

A

the surface of articular cartilage shreds

cartilage erodes until very little is left and bone is exposed on the joint surface

30
Q

What does cartilage develop from?

A

develops from mesenchymal cells that differentiate into chondroblasts that secrete matrix

mesenchymal cells from from somite sclerotomes and the lateral plate in somatopleure

31
Q

Where does cartilage develop from?

A

the mesoderm of the gastrula

most mesoderm is initially in the form of loose embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme

32
Q

What sources of mesenchyme does cartilage develop from?

A

the sclerotome of somites that gives rise to the endochondrial bone of the ribs and vertebral column

the lateral plate mesoderm of somatopleure that gives rise to the bones and connective tissues of the extremities

33
Q

What are the steps in the development of cartilage?

A

condensation of mesenchyme by mitosis to produce a very cellular primordium of the organ

differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts that begin secreting matrix, this early stage of cartilage is also very cellular

secretion of cartilage matrix and the cartilage grows in size, the cells become separated within the matrix to become chondrocytes

dispersion of cells within the matrix forms isogenous groups of cartilage cells surrounded by newly-formed territorial (capsular) matrix

MSK/Derm (54 decks)

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