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Geography IGCSE > Case Studies > Flashcards

Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

High growth rate case study

A

Niger

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2
Q

Low growth rate case study

A

Russia

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3
Q

Issue in Niger

A
  • If Niger continues to grow at the rate it is, the government will be unable to provide adequate health, education gobs and water
  • Country is landlocked, has a bas climate and soil isn’t arable
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4
Q

Issue in Russia

A
  • Population is severely declining
  • Economic problems and high disease rates and overall problems with low population
  • Uninhabitable climate, pretty much landlocked
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5
Q

Birth rate changes in Niger

A
  • Population grown from 1.7m in 1960 to 13m in 2008
  • Population growth rate is 2.9%
  • Fertility rate is 7.1 births per woman
  • Children are regarded as economic commodities in a developing country
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6
Q

Birth rate changes in Russia

A
  • Birth rate is 1.1 per woman
  • Low immigration, high emigration
  • One pensioner for every worker in 20 year’s time
  • Highly educated Russian women don’t want a high population
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7
Q

Death rate changes in Niger

A
  • Babies are inoculated to diseases
  • Better supply of clean water
  • People eat a better diet
  • More hospitals and clinics
  • better health education
  • People have better living conditions
  • Women are becoming more educated
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8
Q

Death rate changes in Russia

A
  • Male life expectancy is 59
  • High death rate
  • Alcohol related deaths are high
  • Low life expectancy
  • More than a million Russians have AIDS
  • Highest death rates in peacetime (previously)
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9
Q

Solutions to Niger

A
  • Government is trying to increase family planning 5-20%
  • Plan to launch informative campaigns to educate people
  • Raised marriage age from 15 to 18 to take 4 years of reproductive life from women
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10
Q

Solutions to Russia

A
  • Putin is pending oil profits on population problem
  • Government has more than doubled child support payments
  • Gave benefits for women who want more children
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11
Q

Background of Iceland case study

A
  • Iceland - volcanic island on Mid- Atlantic ridge
  • Divergent plate boundary - North American and Eurasian plat move apart 1-5cm per year
  • Very volcanic zone - over 100 volcanoes but not all active
  • 2010 population - over 300,000 - over 1/3 in capital Reykjavik
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12
Q

Iceland Eruption

A
  • Eyjafjallajökull - Ice-covered stratovolcano in south east - 120km from Reykjavik
  • Erupted in March 2010
  • Lava ejected several hundred meters into the air
  • Lava melted the ice, water flowed into volcano, became steam and explosively increased
  • Ash cloud ejected 10-11km into the atmosphere
  • Air travel disruption - wind pushed cloud south-east to Europe
  • Eruption lasted 6 months - ended October 20th
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13
Q

Primary effects of the Iceland eruption

A
  • 700 evacuated
  • Ash deposited on farmland
  • Homes damaged
  • Respiratory problems and skin irritations around Europe from fine particles
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14
Q

Secondary effects of Iceland eruption

A
  • Flights cancelled - 1000 in one day
  • Airlines lost £130m a day
  • People stranded abroad
  • Livestock taken inside to escape ash
  • Flooding as glaciers melted - main road broken to allow flood water to go to sea
  • Exporting of fish disrupted
  • 2.8m tonnes less of CO2 emitted - reduced flights
  • Kenya industry lost $3m a day because they couldn’t export fruit or flowers to Europe
  • Train and ferry businesses profited
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15
Q

Short-term responses to Iceland eruption

A
  • 700 evacuated
  • Red Cross provided shelter and support
  • Icelandic Civil Protection Department ensured safety
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16
Q

Long-term responses to Iceland eruption

A
  • Sections of EU air space closed instead of all to reduce impact on travel and trade
  • New systems implemented - infrared radar to detect if flying is safe
  • increased monitoring of neighboring volcanoes
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17
Q

Under populated case study

A

Canada

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18
Q

Over populated case study

A

Tanzania

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19
Q

Canada underpopulation facts

A
  • Second largest country in the world
  • Population of 34.4 million
  • GDP per capita of $39057
  • Life expectancy 81.4 years
  • Average population density of 3.4 people per km^2
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20
Q

Tanzania overpopulation facts

A
  • Population of 48.3 million
  • Average population density of 46.0 people per km^2
  • Life expectancy of 60.8 years
  • GDP per capita of $1600
  • Area of 947300km^2
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21
Q

Resources in Canada

A
  • Fish
  • Timber
  • Zinc
  • Uranium
  • Gold
  • Nickel
  • Lead
  • Aluminum
  • Wheat and other crops
  • Fresh water
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22
Q

Resources in Tanzania

A
  • Gold
  • Iron ore
  • Nickel
  • Copper
  • Cobalt
  • Silver
  • Coal
  • Natural gas
  • Uranium
  • Diamonds
  • Tanzanite
  • Ruby
  • Garnet
  • Limestone
  • Salt
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23
Q

Evidence of underpopulation in Canada

A
  • 2nd larges nation - 9984670km^2
  • 37th highest population - 34.4 million
  • 229th in population density - 3.4 people per km^2
  • 136th annual growth rate - 0.8%
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24
Q

Evidence of overpopulation in Tanzania

A
  • 31st largest country - 947300km^2
  • 10x smaller than Canada
  • 28th highest population - 48.3 million
  • 18th in population density - 46 people per km^2
  • 18th annual growth rate - 2.8%
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25
Q

Urban sprawl case study

A

Atlanta

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26
Q

Atlanta Background

A
  • Capital of the state Georgia
  • Population are from 2m in 1970 - 6m in 2013
  • Fastest growing metropolitan city in USA
  • Recent population growth comes from Great Lakes & North-east where unemployment is high due to expensive cost of living
  • Lots of businesses based there - Coca Cola, Mercedes, Delta
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27
Q

Problems in Atlanta

A
  • Population growth - 2m in 1970 - 6m in 2013 - largest growing metropolitan area in USA, biggest in South-East USA
  • Traffic congestion - Air and noise pollution is 4th worst in USA - 50000km of roads, 90% of residents drive to work - 68 hours of delays a year
  • Air quality - traffic congestion increases respiratory illnesses - emphysema, bronchitis, asthma - air stagnates so fumes are rarely blown away
  • Water quality and quantity - Suburbs on Chattahoochee river increase run-off, contaminate drinking water - 1m Atlantans use septic tanks that can leak
  • Agricultural land - Expansion causes farmland to be bought and covered with developments
  • Loss of green space/ecosystems - 1982-2002 38% of green space in Atlanta was built on - average loss of 135 hectares of trees a day
  • Impermeable surfaces - water can’t drain due to concrete and asphalt - floods and contamination
  • Cultural loss - Civil war battlefields e.g. Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield are threatened by urban homes
  • Socio-economic division - white middle class suburbs in north and poorer blacks in the inner city
  • Hotlanta - trees replaced by concrete causes it to be 10˚C hotter than countryside
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28
Q

Atlanta’s solution

A
  • The BeltLine
  • Using old abandoned railway tracks built before Atlanta and using them to form a loop to make 22 miles of light rail transit, trails and green space
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29
Q

Atlanta BeltLine facts

A
  • 527 hectares of new green space and parks
  • 53km of shared-use paths
  • 30,000 new permanent jobs from businesses
  • 5600 new workforce housing units
  • 50000 new housing units anticipated along the path
  • 45 neighborhoods gain new & greater connectivity
  • 8% of the city’s land mass covered in planning area and 25% of Atlanta’s residential population
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30
Q

Aging population case study

A

UK

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31
Q

Causes of aging population in UK

A
  • Increased life expectancy
  • Low fertility rate
  • improved diets, healthcare, awareness
  • More working women
  • WW2 - baby boom
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32
Q

Impacts of aging population

A
  • Increased tax burden on working age
  • Pensioners unlikely to get better pensions due to increase amount of pensioners
  • More housing needed due to more occupation from old age people
  • Increased need for elderly services
  • More family ties cut - More divorce
  • More being sent on healthcare
  • More dentistry demand
  • More tourism and leisure
  • More community service from elders
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33
Q

Policies to combat aging population

A
  • Increases workforce participation in ages 50-70
  • Raise age were pensions can be given - Pension Act increases age from 65 to 68 over 2024-2046
  • Salary schemes reduced
  • Scotland has free residential and personal care fro 65+
  • Encouraging increased immigration for working age
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34
Q

Anti-natalist case study

A

China

35
Q

Pro-natalist case study

A

France

36
Q

China background

A
  • Population of 1.3 billion in 2016
  • Life expectancy of 76
  • Fertility rate of 5.7 births per woman in 1970 - 1.57 births per woman in 2015
  • 1970-2015 birth rates reduced by 400 million
  • Post WW2 - growth of 55 million in 3 years
37
Q

Other background/causes in China

A
  • Early 1970 - government realized country was headed for famine
  • Couples were encouraged to have large families to repopulate baby boom
  • Population was growing unsustainably - limited resources and too many poor people who couldn’t pay taxes
38
Q

Policies in China

A
  • One child policy - 1979
  • Restricted family size from 3 to 1 child
  • Increased marriage age men - 22 women - 20
  • Citizens has to apply to the government to marry
  • If abiding - families got free education, healthcare, housing and hobs
  • If not abiding - no benefits, fines and abortions
  • Receive 5-10% salary rise for abiding to the policy
39
Q

Impacts of policies in China

A
  • Female infanticide - killing of females due to favoring of males
  • Birth rate fell from 44-12
  • Population growth rate decreased by 10%
  • 400 million fewer were born
  • New industries lifted millions out of poverty
  • Dependency ratio decreased
  • Working age decreased (long-term)
  • Little emperor syndrome - spoiled children
  • gender imbalance - more than 30 million young men than young women
40
Q

Exceptions to China’s policy

A
  • First child disabled - 2nd allowed
  • Twins or triplets
  • Families in rural areas allowed 2 children
  • Ethnic groups exempt
  • Couples who bribed
41
Q

France background

A
  • Population - 67 million 2015
  • Fertility rate - 1.67 in 1992 to 2.0 in 2015
  • Concerned about decrease in labor supply and population decline
  • fertility levels reduced because of education, women in careers, later marriages, state benefits
42
Q

France policy

A
  • Code de la famille - 1939
  • Offered financial incentives to mothers who stayed at home
  • Banned contraceptions
  • Subsidized holidays
  • Longer maternity leave
  • Higher child benefit
  • Improved tax allowance on large families
  • 30% reduction on public transport for 3 children families
  • Child oriented policies
  • Cash incentive of £675 monthly for mothers to stay off work for one year following the birth of a third child
43
Q

Impacts of French policy

A
  • 2nd highest fertility rate in Europe
  • 2007 France had biggest baby boom since 1960s
  • Workforce size increased
  • More money spent on healthcare
  • People had less disposable income
  • 2007 - birth rate of 12.91, fertility rate of 1.98, migrant rate of 1.52, population growth rate of 0.588%
44
Q

Sparsely populated case study

A

Namibia

45
Q

Reasons for a sparse population in Namibia

A
  • Climate - hot and arid - 81% is desert or semi-desert, high average temp 13˚C lowest in June and July and 24˚C highest in December and January - low precipitation 30-31mm a year - lowest 0mm in July
  • Terrain - 1% of land is arable - over 50% of country is filled with mountains, valleys filled with sand, rocky outcrops and elevated plains
  • Lack of resources - driest country in African south of Saharan Desert - rich in diamonds but only employs 3%
  • Lack of economic activity and development - LEDC - GDP per capita $5100 in 2023 - GNI per capita $4880 in 2022 - 134th in world - unemployment 20.95% - employment 58% - export value $7.264m export $10.992m
46
Q

Statistics of Namibian sparsity

A
  • Population density 2.5 people per km^2 - 3rd sparsest in the world
  • 6 of 13 regions are lower than 2.5 average e.g. Karas with 0.4 people per km^2
47
Q

Urbanization case study

A

Favelas of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

48
Q

Favelas

A

Shanty towns/slums near a city composed of illegal settlements built by people that don’t own land I areas of great social deprivation

49
Q

Background of favela case study

A
  • People left Amazonia drought-hit areas in North East Brazil to find a better life in the city
  • 2010 population of 75,000 - now expected to be 3x more
  • Built on steep slope overlooking wealthy areas
  • 60% are in the suburbs
50
Q

Crime problems in Favelas

A
  • Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assault occurs regularly
  • over 750 favelas - many controlled by drug gangs
51
Q

Combatting crime problems in favelas

A
  • 2008 - Pacifying police units established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
  • 37 pacifying police units installed throughout the city
52
Q

Positives of police in favelas

A
  • Drug gangs pushed out
  • Aid programs introduced
  • Lower crime rates
  • Increased property values
  • Growth of tourism
  • More schools built
53
Q

Negatives of police in favelas

A
  • Police brutality - shoot on sight led to many innocent deaths
  • Drugs are still a huge issue
  • People have to pay taxes they can’t pay
  • People have to pay for water and electricity - used to be free
  • Government hasn’t done enough to solve unemployment
54
Q

Challenges of favelas

A
  • Houses are poorly constructed with basic materials
  • Unemployment rate high as 20%
  • 12% of homes have no running water over 30% with no electricity and 50% with no sewage connections
  • High murder rate of 20 per 100 people
  • Population density of 37,000 per km^2
  • Drug gangs dominate area
  • High infant mortality rate 50 per 100
  • Employment is poorly paid
  • Susceptible to natural disasters - 2010 landslide killed 224 and 13000 lost homes
  • Trips have to be done for water
  • Waste can’t be disposed - disease
  • Homes have illegal connections to electricity
  • Average income less than £75 a week
  • Many inhabitants distrust police
  • Limited road access
  • Burning trash and setting fires to houses
  • Sewers are often open drains
55
Q

Favela-Bairro project

A
  • Site and service scheme - local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes
56
Q

Aspects of Favela-Bairro project

A
  • Daycare and after school schemes to let parents work
  • Pacifying police unit to reduce crime
  • Installation of cable car to commercial centre - one free return ticket a day
  • Access to credit to but materials to improve homes
  • Training to help people to get better jobs and earn more money
  • Services for addicts and domestic violence
  • Adult education improve literacy
  • Provision of basic services
  • Widening and paving of streets
  • Residents can apply to legally own properties
  • Replacement of wooden buildings with brick houses
  • New services staffed by local residents provide income
57
Q

Successes of Favela-Bairro project

A
  • Number of local businesses set-up almost doubled
  • Significant increase in schooling in ages 5-20 and daycare attendance
  • Standard of living and health improved
  • Property value in favelas increased by 80-120%
  • Development in service employment led to income increase of 15%
58
Q

Failures of Favela-Bairro project

A
  • Teachers do not have skills to improve literacy skills and teach new skills
  • Rent and house price rise caused poorer people to be priced out of their houses
  • Residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs to damage
  • Newly-built infrastructure is not being maintained by government
  • Property value increased by 80-120%
  • Budget of $1B will not cover every favela
59
Q

Migration case study

A

Migration from Mexico-USA

60
Q

Mexico-USA migration facts

A
  • Mexicans make up 29.5% of foreigners in USA
  • Mexican immigrants account for 20% of legal immigrants in USA
  • 14000-19000 Mexicans with doctorates live in the USA
  • More than 11.7m Mexican immigrants live in the US
  • 6.2m/56% of all unauthorized migrants are from Mexico
61
Q

3100km border between the US and Mexico

A

The tortilla curtain

62
Q

Push factors in Mexico

A
  • Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor
  • Low paid jobs - GDP per capita of $14,406
  • Poor education prospects - 72% secondary school enrollment
  • Life expectancy 72 years
  • 40% unemployed
  • Unhappy life - poor standard of living
  • Shortage of food
  • Poor farming conditions
  • National average poverty level of 37%
63
Q

Pull factors in USA

A
  • Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor
  • Well paid jobs - GDP per capita of $46,680
  • Adult literacy rate of 99% - good college education
  • Life expectancy 76 years
  • Many jobs available for low paid workers
  • Better housing
  • Family links
  • Bright light syndrome
64
Q

Positives of migration for USA

A
  • Mexican migrants benefit economy by working for low wages
  • Culture has enriched US border - food, language, music
  • Educated and professional Mexicans bring skills and expertise
  • Great for US housing industry - Americans get cheaper homes
65
Q

Negatives of migration for USA

A
  • Illegal migration costs US millions of dollars for border patrol and prison
  • Mexicans seen as a drain on US economy
  • Migrant workers keep low wages - affects Americans
  • Cultural and racial issues
  • 68% of 55,000 foreigners in US prisons are Mexicans
  • Money sent back to Mexico by immigrants is lost from American economy - 2014 $25b+ sent back to Mexico
  • Incidents of TB increased
66
Q

Positives of migration in Mexico

A
  • Legal and illegal immigrants send more than $6B a year back to Mexico
  • Average weekly wage in parts of Mexico - 600 pesos/$60 - 1/6 of American wage that is sent back to Mexico
67
Q

Negatives of migration in Mexico

A
  • Countryside has shortage of economically active people - brain drain
  • Majority of women due to men emigrating
  • Women have trouble finding marriage partners
  • Young tend to migrate - villages have lost up to 2/3 inhabitants
  • Dependence of remittances can impair local initiative/no incentives
  • Hundreds of illegal immigrants die of scorching heat in Arizona desert
  • Dead to enter US has encouraged criminal organizations to profit
68
Q

Earthquake case study

A

Nepal

69
Q

Nepal earthquake facts

A
  • April 25th 2015
  • Magnitude of 7.8
  • Lasted under 2 minutes
  • Epicentre - Bapak - north west of Kathmandu
  • Epicentre was 130 miles from Mount Everest
  • Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate
  • Earthquake released the energy of more than 20 nukes
  • Earthquake made Everest shrink by an inch
70
Q

Effects of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • 8500+ dead
  • Massive avalanche in Everest - killed 19 at base camp
  • Religious temples fell apart
  • Landslides in Langtang valley
  • Aftershock on May 12th of magnitude 7.3
71
Q

3 settlement case study

A

NYC, Brooklyn, Niagara County

72
Q

Key features of NYC

A
  • Split up in 5 boroughs - Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, Staten Island
  • Statue of liberty
  • Empire State Building
  • World Trade Center
  • Times Square
  • JFK international airport
73
Q

Data of NYC Population

A
  • 2023 - 7.9M
  • Annual growth rate - -3.48%
  • 2020-2023 - population decrease 8.8M-7.9M
  • Average household income $113,315
  • Poverty rate - 16.96%
  • Huge wealth disparity - wealthy household income of $188.697 and poorest household income of $9320
  • Most millionaires and billionaires in a city
  • 26,304 people per square mile
  • Over 800 languages spoken
  • Median age - 37;3
74
Q

Function and land use

A
  • Multifunctional
  • Culture
  • Health Care
  • Scientific output and innovation
  • Research and development
  • Technology
  • Education
  • Sports
  • More
75
Q

Service Provision of NYC

A
  • Very large sphere of influence - worldwide - tourism
  • High threshold population
  • Large range
76
Q

Key features of Brooklyn

A
  • Coney Island
  • Brooklyn Museum
  • Barclays Center
  • Brooklyn Bridge
  • The Green-Wood Cemetery
  • Dumbo
77
Q

Data of Brooklyn Population

A
  • 2023 - 2.7M
  • Population density 36,732 people per square mile
  • Median age of 35.7
  • Average household income of $101,187
  • Poverty rate - 18.79%
  • Marriage rate - 40.3%
  • Labor force participation - 63.7%
  • High female to male ratio - 88 males to 100 females
78
Q

Function and land use of Brooklyn

A
  • Tourism
  • Entertainment
  • Sports
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Has 11 miles of coastline
  • Land borders two bodies of water - New York Bay to West and Long Island Sound to the east
79
Q

Service provision of Brooklyn

A
  • Large sphere of influence
  • Relatively high threshold population
  • Long range
80
Q

Key features of Niagara Country

A
  • Niagara Falls State Park
  • Niagara Falls observation tower
  • Nikola Tesla Monument
  • Niagara Win Trail
81
Q

Data of Niagara County Population

A
  • Population of 211,526
  • Annual Growth Rate - -0.18%
  • 18th largest county in NY
  • -2.28% growth rate since 2010
  • Poverty rate - 12.44%
  • Marriage rate - 47.6%
  • Labor force participation - 61%
  • Employment rate - 57.3%
  • Unemployment rate - 5.8%
82
Q

Function and land use of Niagara County

A
  • Tourism
  • Agriculture
  • Wine
  • Education
  • Land borders three bodies of water - Lake Ontario in the North, Tonawanda Creek in the South and Niagara River in the wets
  • Land is used for a variety of state parks
83
Q

Service Provision of Niagara

A
  • Large sphere of influence
  • Smaller threshold population
  • Shorter range

Geography IGCSE (3 decks)

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