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Geography IGCSE > Unit 1 - Population and settlement > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Population and settlement Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of population

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1
Q

Demographers

A

People who study population

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2
Q

Zero growth

A

A point in which the population number remains unchanged

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3
Q

Natural change

A

The difference between the birth and death rates

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4
Q

Exponential growth

A

A growth rate where the growth of the system is more rapid in proportion to the amount present

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5
Q

Birth rate

A

The total number of babies born per 1000 people

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6
Q

Death rate

A

The total number of deaths per 1000 people in an area each year

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7
Q

Life expectancy

A

A calculated figure that can predict the average period of life a person is to live

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8
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

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9
Q

Fertility rate

A

The ratio between the number of live births in a year and the whole female population of childbearing age

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10
Q

Population distribution

A

A measure of how spread out a population is in any given area

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11
Q

Population density

A

The number of people per unit area

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12
Q

Population structure

A

The way a population of an area can be broken down into groups

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13
Q

GNP

A

The value of all products and services produced by the citizens of a country both domestically and internationally minus income earned by foreign residents

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14
Q

People per doctor

A

The number of individuals served by one physician in a country, if the population was equally distributed across physicians

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15
Q

Densely populated

A

Many people in a small area

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16
Q

Sparsely populated

A

Few people in a large area

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17
Q

Population density equation

A

Population density = Total population ÷ Total land area

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18
Q

Optimum population

A

The population is such that it can maximize the benefits from the resources available and maximize quality of life

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19
Q

Overpopulated

A

The resources cannot sustain the current population

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20
Q

Underpopulated

A

The population cannot fully utilize the resources available

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21
Q

DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model

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22
Q

Stages 1 of DTM

A
  • Fluctuating birth rate
  • Fluctuating death rate
  • Low population
  • NEE
  • Example: Ghana
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23
Q

Stage 2 of DTM

A
  • Decreasing birth rate
  • Decreasing death rate
  • Increasing population
  • LIC
  • Example: Russia
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24
Q

Stage 3 of DTM

A
  • Decreasing birth rate
  • Decreasing death rate
  • Increasing population
  • LIC-HIC
  • Example: China
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25
Q

Stage 4 of DTM

A
  • Fluctuating birth rate
  • Fluctuating death rate
  • Increasing population
  • HIC
  • Example: USA
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26
Q

Stage 5 of DTM

A
  • Decreasing birth rate
  • Stable death rate
  • Decreasing total population
  • HIC
  • Example: Finland
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27
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people from one place to another

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28
Q

Health tourism

A

The visiting of another country for better healthcare

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29
Q

Push factors

A

Reasons to leave a place

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30
Q

Pull factors

A

Reasons to move to a place

31
Q

Common push factors

A
  • Famine
  • Drought
  • Natural disasters
  • Poor living conditions
  • Poor housing, education and healthcare
  • Unemployment
  • War and conflict
  • Negative agricultural change
32
Q

Common pull factors

A
  • Employment
  • High incomes
  • Better healthcare and education
  • Urban facilities
  • Way of life
  • Protection from conflict
  • Positive agricultural change
33
Q

Positives of migration on origin country

A
  • Unemployment can reduce - less job competition
  • Less pressure on natural resources
  • New skills and knowledge when migrants return
  • Less pressure on services
  • Money sent back to family and friends - most in local economy
34
Q

Negatives of migration on origin country

A
  • Fewer people to pay taxes
  • Fewer skilled migrants - brain drain
  • Harm in economic development
  • Borders separate families
  • Gender imbalances
35
Q

Positives of migration on destination country

A
  • Workers will work for low wages and do jobs most won’t want to
  • Increase cultural diversity
  • Skills gaps are filled
  • Boost to the local economy
  • Government tax revenues increase
  • Public services can benefit from more staff
  • Immigrant groups can increase birth rates
36
Q

Negatives of migration on destination country

A
  • Pressure on public services
  • Overcrowding
  • Language & cultural barriers
  • Increased pollution
  • Pressure on natural resources
  • Racial tensions & discrimination
  • Increased job competition
  • Groups may not assimilate
  • Gender imbalance
37
Q

Positive impacts on migrants

A
  • Opportunity to get a better job
  • Improved quality of life
  • Safety from conflict
  • Opportunities for better education
38
Q

Negative impacts on migrants

A
  • Migrants may run out of money
  • Communication issues & language barriers
  • Issues securing accommodations and housing
  • Illness due to lack of healthcare
  • Migrants can be exploited
  • Migrants may experience racism
39
Q

Involuntary migration

A
  • Refugees
  • Asylum seekers
  • Undocumented migrants
40
Q

Settlement

A

A dwelling or groups of dwellings where people live

41
Q

Hamlet

A

A few houses in a rural area - no amenities - spread out

42
Q

Temporary settlement

A

Somewhere only lived in for part of the year

43
Q

Permanent settlement

A

Somewhere lived in at all times

44
Q

Urban

A

Built up areas including towns and cities

45
Q

Rural

A

A countryside location

46
Q

Conurbation

A

Where cities have grown to swallow up other cities

47
Q

Villages

A

A rural settlement of a collection of houses and a few amenities

48
Q

Cities

A

A population centre with a large population

49
Q

Towns

A

A population centre larger than a village but smaller than a city

50
Q

Site

A

Describes the actual land upon which the settlement is built

51
Q

Situation

A

Describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding features

52
Q

Settlement patterns

A
  • Linear
  • Nucleated
  • Dispersed
53
Q

Linear settlement

A

Based in a narrow band along a road or other features

54
Q

Nucleated settlement

A

Centered around a focus point such as a bridge or major crossroads

55
Q

Dispersed settlement

A

Where a few buildings are spread over a large area

56
Q

Sphere of influence

A

The area served by a settlement

57
Q

Function of a settlement

A

What the settlement provides/does

58
Q

Settlement hierarchy

A
  • Capital city
  • City
  • Towns
  • Villages
  • hamlets
59
Q

Trends of the settlement hierarchy

A
  • Down the group commonality increases
  • Up the group the larger and more complex the settlement & more services provided
60
Q

Services

A

Facilities that are offered to people - have threshold populations

61
Q

Threshold population

A

The minimum number of people needed for a service to be offered

62
Q

Range

A

The distance people are willing to travel to buy a product or service

63
Q

High order goods/Comparison goods

A

Products or services that people buy less frequently - often expensive

64
Q

Low order goods/Convenience goods

A

Products or services that people buy frequently or daily - often purchased locally without comparing quality or price

65
Q

MEDC land use model

A

Burgess model and Hoyt model

66
Q

Burgess model

A

A representation of land use in MEDC’s with concentric circles

67
Q

Areas of the Burgess model

A
  • CBD
  • Inner city
  • Inner suburbs
  • Outer suburbs
  • Rural/Urban fringe
68
Q

CBD

A
  • Central Business District
  • Major transportation
  • Most economic activity e.g. banks, headquarters, businesses, entertainment
  • Dense - roads are crammed and busy
  • Government buildings
69
Q

Inner city

A
  • Low-class residential
  • Terraced houses for workers
  • Former industrial area turned to residential
70
Q

Inner suburbs

A
  • Medium class residential
  • Larger houses
  • More greenery
  • Linear roads
71
Q

Outer suburbs

A
  • Large houses
  • Much more space
  • Garages, backyards
  • Usually more expensive
72
Q

Rural/urban fringe

A
  • Residential
  • Agriculture
  • Entertainment e.g. golf course
73
Q

Hoyt model

A

MEDC land use model that uses concentric circles from Burgess model, but adds concentrated sectors along major transportation

74
Q

LEDC land use model

A
  • Industrial zone
  • Middle-cost housing
  • CBD
  • High-class housing
  • Poor-quality permanent housing
  • Squatter settlements
  • Newest squatter settlements
75
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The expansion of a city into its surrounding rural area

76
Q

Problems of urban sprawl

A
  • Pollution - air, water, noise, visual
  • Inequality - poor people forces out of the city
  • Rise in crime & strain on police resources
  • Housing issues - cost, land shortage, size and quality decrease
  • Traffic congestion - longer commutes, harder to police
  • Conflicts over land use - decline in community stigmas and cohesiveness
  • Strain on resources in certain areas

Geography IGCSE (3 decks)

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