Unit 3 - Economic Development Flashcards
1
Q
Energy demand
A
- World’s demand is increasing as population increases & therefore technology also increases
2
Q
Energy History
A
- Until 1700s - humans relied on traditional biomass for heat & cooking & used wind & water to grind grain or pump water
- Traditional biomass - wood, charcoal, peat or animal dung burned to make heat
- Invention of steam engine caused coal mining to increase from 1825
3
Q
Electricity production
A
- Many rely on electricity - almost 2/3 of the world’s electricity comes from coal & gas
- Fuel is burned to heat water, makes high-pressure steam which turns a turbine & powers a generator
4
Q
Fossil fuels
A
- Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas
- Formed millions of years ago from remains of plants & animals
- Release energy when burned
- Are non-renewable / will run out
- Found around the world - largest reserves are in USA & Russia
5
Q
Energy deficit
A
- Countries which cannot meet their own demands for energy with the energy sources available
6
Q
Energy gap
A
Difference between the amount of energy a country can supply from within its borders and the demand for energy
7
Q
Energy surplus
A
Countries with more reserves of energy sources the they need
8
Q
Renewable energy
A
- Sources that can be used without running out and are sustainable
- Demand is increasing
- Reduces emissions of greenhouse gases
9
Q
Nuclear power
A
- Reactions that occur within the atomic structure of certain materials to produce energy
- Heat generated by the splitting of the atom - nuclear fission
10
Q
Traditional biomass
A
- Fuelwood, charcoal, peat or animal dung that is burned to produce heat
- Around 40% of world’s population relies on it for heat & cooking
- Can be renewable if trees are planted to replace
- Still creates air pollution and contributes to global warming
11
Q
Energy sources in MEDCs vs LEDCs
A
- MEDCs - still reliance on oil, coal & gas but increasing amount of renewable energy sources used - still expensive so MEDCs can afford them
- LEDCS - traditional biomass is still important source of energy & many rural communities have no electricity or can’t afford less polluting sources
12
Q
Benefits of nuclear power
A
- Nuclear fission provides large amounts of energy
- Amount of fuel needed is very small
- Efficient fuel source as lots of energy comes from a small amount of fuel
- Does not create greenhouse gases which lead to global warming
- Cheap & reliable once power stations are built
13
Q
Disadvantages of nuclear power
A
- Nuclear waste is radioactive for thousands of years
- Radioactive waste is harmful to humans & environment - must be stored carefully so radiation doesn’t leak
- Possibility of accidents or damage to power station which can cause leaks e.g. Fukushima or Chernobyl - rare but happen
- Most countries need to import uranium
- Nuclear power stations are expensive to build
14
Q
Main types of renewable energy
A
- Wind
- Solar
- Hydroelectric power
- Geothermal energy
- Biofuels
- Wave & Tidal
15
Q
Advantages of wind energy
A
- No air pollution once operating
- Low operating costs
- Land around turbine can be farmed
- Wind farms can be large or small
- Good for remote areas
16
Q
Disadvantages of wind energy
A
- Disruptive for birds
- Visual pollution
- Lots of turbines needed to create decent energy
- Only produce energy when wind blows
- Construction costs are high
17
Q
Advantages of solar energy
A
- Once operating, no air or noise pollution
- Low maintenance
- Can be large or small scale
- Good for remote areas
18
Q
Disadvantages of solar energy
A
- Visual pollution
- Expensive to manufacture
- Only produce energy when sun shines
- Need large areas of land
19
Q
Advantages of hydroelectric power
A
- Once operating nor air or water pollution
- Long lasting
- Can control flooding downstream
- Reservoir provides water for irrigation & industry
20
Q
Disadvantages of hydroelectric power
A
- Expensive to build
- Needs large areas of land
- Dam blocks sediment - affects land downstream
- Disrupts river ecosystem
21
Q
Advantages of wave/tidal energy
A
- Once operating, no air or water pollution
- Reliable since tides & waves are constant
- Doesn’t take land away from food production
- Can produce energy efficiently
22
Q
Disadvantages of wave/tidal energy
A
- Expensive to build
- Can be damaged by storms
- Needs a high tidal range
- No use to landlocked countries
23
Q
Advantages of geothermal energy
A
- Once operating, low air pollution
- Doesn’t require much land
- Reliable & efficient
- Capable of producing large amounts of energy
24
Q
Disadvantages of geothermal energy
A
- Expensive to build
- Only suitable in areas with correct types of rock
- Requires large amounts of water
- Linked to small earthquakes
25
Advantages of modern biofuels
- Produces large amounts of energy
- Can be used in most engines
- Plants absorb as much carbon during growing as they release during burning
- Accessible for most countries
26
Disadvantages of modern biofuels
- Expensive to produce
- Large-scale production as monocultures
- Car engines need modification to use bioethanol
- Air, noise and visual pollution
27
Types of water supplies
- Dams & reservoirs
- Wells & bore holes
- Desalination
28
How dams & reservoirs work
- Dam is a man made structure across a river's width that holds back the water
- The water stored behind the dam is called a reservoir
- The reservoir can be used to supply water to a nearby population and the dam can control flooding by holding back water
- Dams can be used for HEP plants to generate electricity by getting the water to move a turbine
29
How wells and bore holes work
- Bore holes are drilled vertically down into the earth until the water table or water water stored in permeable rock is reached
- A pipe is installed underground and a pump at the surface brings the water up to the surface
- Wells are dug out by hand
30
How desalination works
- Process that removes salt and other minerals from water to make it suitable for human consumption or irrigation
31
Factors of dams & reservoirs
- Large scale - provides water to hundreds of thousands of people
- Electricity can be generated from turbines
- Can cause flooding of settlements & habitats
- High cost to build the initial structure
32
Factors of wells & bore holes
- Small scale & localized
- Doesn't cost much to set up
- Doesn't need much technical expertise to run
- Useful for accessing clean & safe groundwater supplies
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Factors of desalination
- Large scale - can provide water for millions
- Very expensive to run - requires lots of energy
- Has a large carbon footprint
- Useful in areas with no water source or groundwater supply
34
How water use varies for countries
- LEDC use - primarily agricultural
- MEDC use - primarily domestic use and industrial use
35
Economic water scarcity
Where country has a sufficient water supply but lacks the funds to build infrastructure to supply fresh clean water
36
Physical water scarcity
When there is not enough water to meet demands
37
Managing water supply in MEDCs
- Repairing pipes
- Building dams and reservoirs
- Reducing water contamination
- Flood and drought prevention
38
Managing water supply in LEDCs
- Installing bore holes and water pumps
- Reducing loss from evaporation
- Sanitation systems for safe, clean water
- Irrigation systems
39
Development indicators
- Measure levels of development
- Show trends and spatial patterns
- Allow to make comparisons
40
Economic indicators
- GNI - total money earned by people and companies in a country in a year
- GDP - overall economic output of a country
- GNI per capita - GNI ÷ population
- GDP per capital - GDP ÷ population
41
Social Indicators
- Life Expectancy
- Infant mortality rate
- Access to water
- Adult literacy
42
Composite indicator
Development indicator made up of multiple indicators
43
Human Development Index (HDI)
- Composite indicator
- Measure life expectancy, GNI per capital & mean years of schooling vs. expected
44
Factors affecting development
- Historical factors - colonialism
- Civil war & political instability
- Harsh climatic conditions
- Physical geography - drought
- Disease - linked to climate change- Landlocked - ability to trade
- Natural hazards
- Enhanced global warming
45
Development; historical factors - colonialism
- Colonized countries may have missed out on development opportunities & possible conflicts
46
Development; civil war & political instability
- Normal services can't function properly during war - affects health, education and earnings
47
Development; harsh climatic conditions
- Extremely hot & arid, extremely cold, mountainous are difficult to live and grow crops in
48
Development; physical geography - drought
- Reduce supply of clean drinking water - affects health & development
49
Development; Disease - linked to climate
- Hot climates can lead to tropical diseases spreading e.g. malaria - eave people ill and unable to work
50
Development; landlocked - ability to trade
- Less connected to global trade for items traded in bulk - increases cost of international trade
51
Development; Natural hazards
- Extreme climatic events which cause infrastructure damage and affect power supplies
52
Development; Enhanced global warming
- More extreme weather - creates food & water shortages & failure to grow crops - poor health & poverty
53
Gini coefficient
- Measures inequalities within countries - scored 0-1 or 0%-100%
- 0/0% is perfect equality & 1/100% is maximum inequality
54
Second of production
- Primary sector
- Secondary sector
- Tertiary sector
- Quaternary sector
55
Primary sector
- Extraction of raw materials e.g. fishing & mining
56
Secondary sector
- The manufacturing of raw materials into finished products
57
Tertiary sector
- The providing of finished products and services e.g. teaching
58
Quaternary sector
- Research and development e.g. biotech industry
59
Methods of representing employment
- Triangular graphs
- Rostow's model - shows economic development over time w/switches in industry e.g. agriculture -> mechanization -> industrialization -> industrial diversity -> tertiary domination
- Traditional society, pre-conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
60
Globalization
- The increasing interconnectedness of the world
61
Homogenization
- Idea that places are becoming increasingly alike
62
Reasons for globalization
- Improved global transportation
- Rise of social media
- Increased global trade because of trade agreements and organizations
- Improved technology
- Reduced wage costs by moving production abroad
63
Free trade
- Reduction in tariffs that countries must pay at borders to import and export products
- Reduced costs means countries can sell their products on the open or free market
- WTO (World Trade Organization) regulators free trade
64
Positives of Globalization
- Greater acceptance of different cultures and religions
- Better transport networks
- Economic development
- Faster, better ICT
- LEDCs can develop through trade
- Lower costs of production means cheaper goods
- Exposure to different cultures
- Greater choice of goods
65
Negatives of Globalization
- Cultures and traditions threatened
- Increasing migration including 'brain drain'
- Homogenization makes places alike
- Loss of jobs through loss of industry
- Inequality rises as richer countries benefit more
- Local businesses cannot compete with TNCs
- Greater mobility spreads diseases faster
66
Systems of farming
- Inputs - anything put into the system
- Processes - take place on the farm e.g. milking
- Outputs
- Feedback - e.g. money raised by selling crops and animals put back
- Waste
67
Different types of farming
- Inputs - intensive & extensive
- Processes - arable, pastoral, mixed
- Outputs - commercial & subsistence
68
Intensive farming - input
- Small area of land
- Lots of workers
- Large amounts of inputs e.g. money
- Near to the market
- Large quantities of outputs for the area / high yields
69
Extensive farming - input
- Large area of land
- Few workers
- Low levels of inputs
- Often remote - away from the market
- Small quantities of output for an area / low yields
70
Arable process
- Crops grown
- Processes include ploughing, sowing, fertilizing & harvesting
71
Pastoral process
- Livestock raised
- Processes include feeding, breeding, milking & veterinary care
72
Mixed process
- Mixture of arable & pastoral processes
73
Subsistence farming - output
- Only enough food grown for the farmer & their family
- Only spare output will be sold or traded
- Usually happens in LEDCs
- Can take form of shifting cultivation - small areas cleared by hand and then left to regrow after a few years and then another area cleared
74
Commercial farming - output
- Crops and livestock grown and raised to sell to markets to make a profit
- Farmer can support their family and re-invest profits for the next season
- Usually occurs in MEDCs - can occur in LEDCs yet usually happens from companies outside the LEDCs
75
Market gardening
- Small farms that sell vegetables, salads and fruit directly to consumers - need to be very close to markets to sell products fresh
76
Plantations
- Large farms that tend to be for cultivation of single crops - monocultures
77
Physical factors that affect farming types
- Climate - temperature, rainfall, sunlight and wind
- Growing season - months with temps over 6˚C - different crops need different times
- Relief - slop and topography of land affects possible machinery - temperature decreases by 1˚C for every 160m
- Soil - livestock need good soil with nutrients
- Aspect - direction a slop faces - south facing in northern hemisphere is best for growing crops and vice versa in southern hemisphere
78
Human factors affecting farming types
- Subsidies - some farmers receive subsidies to support growth of some crops and livestock
- Prices - Prices of crops and livestock affected what is grown or raised
- Markets - demand for crops or animals affect the amount the farmer receives & distance to market with how long crops last
- Labour - number of workers needed or availability
- Tradition - farms tend to continue to farm same crops and livestock
- Climate change - flooding, drought impact yield of crops and livestock survival
79
- Food insecurity
- Food shortages / people do not have a secure source of food
80
Causes of food shortages
- Mostly in LEDCs and NICSs
- Can be due to:
- War & conflict
- Natural disasters
- Climate
- Pests & disease
- Infrastructure (roads and distribution)
81
Effects of food shortages
- Malnutrition - not enough nutrients
- Rising prices - supply falls and demand increases
- Social unrest - Cause discontent and possible riots
- Migration - People may leave if they can't feed themselves or their families
- Cycle of poverty - malnourished fall ill and can't work
82
Reducing food shortages - aid
- Emergency aid - aid provided by charities & NGOs after a disaster
- Conditional aid - When one country donates money to another with conditions attached
- Development aid - provided by NGOs to local communities for education and skills
- Multilateral aid - given through international organizations that governments donate to e.g. World Bank
83
Advantages of aid
- Lives can be saved by emergency aid
- Rebuilds lives after a disaster
- Medicine & equipment help improve health
- Aid for agriculture & industry can increase amount of food & jobs
- Countries may be helped w/exploiting natural resources
- Well-building & providing access to clean water improves health & living standards
84
Disadvantages of aid
- LEDCs can become dependent on aid
- LEDCs may struggle to repay if aid is conditional
- Corruption can prevent aid from reaching the people who need it
- MEDCs & International organizations may use aid to put political or economic pressure on LEDCs
- Larger commercial farms may benefit and small-scale farmers may lose out
- Investments by MEDCs mean profits go back to MEDCs and not LEDCs
85
Other methods of reducing food shortages
- Increasing food production
- Irrigation - crops watered artificially - can reduce water table & river levels
- New Green Revolution - Has increased food production by development of high yield varieties (HYV) - has methods such as drought-resistant crops and crop rotation - farmers can be in debt as seeds are more expensive & fertilizers pollute water sources
- Aeroponics & hydroponics - Aeroponics is where plants are suspended in the air & roots are sprayed with mist of water & nutrients - hydroponics is plants grown in porous material & nutrient provided in water solution
- Greenhouses - higher yields from artificial light, controlled temperatures & irrigation systems
- Biotechnology - use of advanced tech & genetic modification to alter genes of crops
- Appropriate technology - e.g. digging wells for water, intercropping
86
4 main types of industry
- Manufacturing - making products from raw materials
- Processing - transforming raw materials into new products using formulas or recipes
- Assembly - making final products from finished component parts e.g. cars
- High technology - producing high value goods using advanced techniques and r&d
87
4 types of industry used in an industrial system
- Inputs - raw materials that are used in the process
- Processes - operations that transform the inputs and materials going in
- Outputs - finished product and profit
- Waste - by-products, faulty items or waste
88
Factors that affect the location of industry
- Land - spacious and flat
- Labour - near a labour force and maybe high-skilled
- Raw materials - Some dependent on key raw materials that should be close
- Capital - capital available can determine size and location
- Fuel & power - site needs connection to electricity grid
- Transport - site needs well connected major transport routes
- Markets - needs a customer base nearby
- Politics (taxes) - some areas offer tax breaks
- Environmental policy - some locations are for protection of species or habitats
- Planning permission - depends on industry e.g. large processing should be away from residential due to pollution
- Agglomeration - clustering of similar industries together - can recruit skilled staff easier and share access to same raw materials or other inputs
89
Why tourism has increased
- Improvements in transport
- Increase in holiday entitlement
- Media and internet
- Disposable income
- Increase in life expectancy
- Availability & type of holiday increased
- TV programs & advertising
90
Physical attractions
- Coastline & beaches
- Areas of outstanding natural beauty
- Climate
91
Human attractions
- Historic buildings & regional history
- Theme parks & entertainment
- Infrastructure & services
- Cultures, traditions & food
92
Types of tourism
- Mass tourism - large numbers of people visit a place at one time - can be due to package holidays
- Ecotourism - aims to reduce impact that tourism has on the environment by using sustainable resources & not exploiting the environment
- Cultural tourism - people traveling to areas to seer the historic and cultural features
- adventure / extreme tourism - holidays of extreme climates or challenging landscapes e/g/ Antarctica
93
Advantages of tourism
- Generates $8.9 trillion USD & employs 334 million around the world
- Positive multiplier effect - tourists spend money in shops that create jobs, hence workers spend on local businesses leading to more wealth and jobs - leads to more taxes and hence more reinvestment
- Government may invest in roads & supplies to attract people which benefits locals
- Income can be sued to protect wildlife & habitats
- Creation of jobs helps locals to develop new skills that can help with getting higher incomes
- Many tourists want to experience cultures - helps to maintain these cultures and traditions
94
Disadvantages of tourism
- Locals often employed in low-paid work with long hours
- Not a reliable source of income - can be affected by events easily
- Can damage environment or harm wildlife alongside pollution of air & water
- Most of the profits from tourisms go back to companies from MEDCs - leakage
- Large use of resources such as water
- Crime may increase e.g. pickpockets
- House & property prices rise
- Traditions can become entertainment rather than preservation
- Homogenization
95
Sustainable tourism as per UN
- Take account of current & future economic, social & environmental impacts
- Consider needs of visitors, environment & local community
96
What sustainable tourism should do
- Support a wide range of local economic activities
- Not be the dominant or main economic activity
- Involve the local community
- Respect the culture and way of life of the destination
- Educate all people about the environment & sustainability
97
Biosphere reserve
- Learning places for sustainable development
- Have a core area, buffer zones and a transition area
98
National parks
- Different in each country
- area of natural land which is used for conservation and protection of wildlife and the environment or for recreation and enjoyment
99
Ecotourism principles
- Minimize impacts on the environment & communities
- Increase environmental awareness
- Money should contribute to conservation
- Local people should be directly involved 7 benefit financially
- Respect local culture & traditions
- Support the community's human rights
100
Soil erosion
- Removal of the top layer of soil eu to the action of water, wind, tillage and mass movement or overgrazing mechanization of agriculture and deforestation
- Erosion is faster than soil replacement
101
Desertification
- Land that was previously farmable and fertile becomes increasingly dry and arid and turns into desert
- Land gradually becomes more degraded and can't support vegetation or crops
- Is accelerated by temperatures or extended droughts due to global warming
102
Enhanced global warming
- Caused by greenhouse gases e.g. CO2 & methane
- As more of the gases build up, slightly more reflected long wave radiation is trapped - stops radiation/heat from leaving the atmosphere - causes temperature to increase
- Greenhouse effect occurs naturally but human activity gives more emissions and warms up the atmosphere more
103
Sustainable development
- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
- UN has created 17 sustainable development goals
104
Adapted methods for sustainable development
- The Great Green Wall - band of 8000km in Africa w/11 countries to conserve trees
- Banning plastic bags - reducing plastic waste and therefore bags
- Reducing fossil fuel use - use of renewable energy
- Reducing food waste -
