CASE STUDIES Flashcards
FLOOD MANAGEMENT SCHEME
Boscastle, Cornwall
Flooding caused severe damage to over 1000 homes and 90% of the economy damaged when tourism couldn’t happen
-narrow river channels through village and is the confluence of 3 major rivers
HUMAN CAUSES
1- trees cut down for farming
2- dense buildings
3- old bridges blocked by debris (acted like dams trapping water)
SOLUTIONS
1-Bridge widened (less blockage)
2-River deepened and widened (more volume)
3-Vegetation cleared ( won’t block bridges )
4-Car park raised with permeable tarmac
UK RIVER & EROSIONAL/DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
River Tees, North England
Upper Course:
Erosional :
1-interlocking spurs
2-High Force waterfall& gorge
Middle Course:
Erosional & Depositional :
1- Meanders (around Yarm) & floodplains
2- Ox- Bow lakes
Lower Course:
Depositional :
1-Levées
2- Estuaries
Flood Management:
1- Cow Green Resevoir (Upper Course)
2- Yarm flood defences
3- Tees Barrage (Lower Course by the mouth)
EXAMPLE OF UK COASTLINE-EROSIONAL & DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
The Jurassic Coast, Dorset/Devon
DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORM
: Chesil Beach- a beach
-At the end of the last Ice Age the sea levels beagan to rise eroding large quantities of gravel+sand from nearby cliffs.
-longshore drift carried the sediment Eastwards forming Chesil Beach.
(used for fishing)
EROSIONAL LANDFORM
:Durdle Door- an arch
-created roughly 10,000 years ago and is surrounded by stacks and caves.
-millenia ago a small crack was formed in the cliff, by hydraulic action and abrasion.
-this crack hollowed out to **form a cave **which ended up eroding to the other side.
-creating the arch
(popular tourist attraction for iconic pictures)
COASTAL MANAGEMENT SCHEMES
Mappleton Holderness Coastline
They used:
-rip rap
-cliff regrading & vegetation
-beach nourishment
-groyne
TECTONIC HAZARDS
Gorkha Earthquake Nepal,2015 LIC
Tohoku Earthquake Japan,2011 HIC
Gorkha Earthquake NEPAL- 7.9 Richter
Primary effects:
-over 8 Million affected
-3 million left homeless
-50% shops destroyed
Secondary effects:
-ground shaking triggered landslides
- 9,000 dead
-an avalanche in the Langtang region left 250 people missing
Immediate responses:
-search and rescue teams, water and med supplies came quickly from UK, India, China
-500,000 tents needed for homeless
-helicopters rescued people trapped in remote villages
Long-term responses:
-roads repaired and landslides cleared
-1000s of homeless to be re-housed and damaged houses repaired
-stricter building codes
Tohoku earthquake JAPAN- 9.0 Richter
Primary effects: it created a tsunami
-the tsunami swept inland damaging boats, building, vehicles
-over 18,000 dead mainly due to the tsunami
-flooded an area of 500sq km!
Secondary effects:
-500,000 left homeless
-explosions and radiation leaks at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant due to the earthquake affected local area.
-meltdowns caused explosions and radioactive leaks that caused the locals to evacuate.
Immediate responses:
-Helicopters saved people from rooftops and flooded farmland
-100,000 soldiers sent to establish order and distribute water, food, petrol
-an exclusion zone was put around Fukishima Daiichi , and iodine tablets were given to prevent radiation sickness to evacuated residents.
Long-term responses:
-most costly natural disaster EVER costing over $300 billion!
-better tsunami equipment
-set up the ‘Reconstuction Design Council’ to promote growth in the Tohoku area.
CLIMATE TYPHOON
Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines, 2013
Primary effects: strong winds, heavy rain,storm surge
ECONOMIC:
-the typhoon destroyed 30,000 fishing boats
-strong winds damaged buildings and powerlines, and crops
SOCIAL:
-6300 people died, most drowned by the storm surge
-600,000 people displaced
-40,000 homes destroyed
-90% Tacloban city destroyed
ENVIRONMENTAL:
-over 400mm rain caused flooding
-Tacloban airport badly damaged
Secondary effects
ECONOMIC:
-6 million people lost their source of income
-ferry services and flights disrupted for weeks, slowing aid
-hospitals, schools, shops damaged, affecting peoples livelihoods
SOCIAL:
-14,000,000 affected many left homeless
-shortages of water, food and shelter, lead to disease outbreaks.
-looting and violence in Tacloban
ENVIRONMENTAL:
-flooding caused landslides and blocked roads cutting off aid to remote communities
-in some areas power supply was cut for weeks
Immediate responses
-International government and aid agencies gave food, water, shelter
-US aircraft assissted with search&rescue and aid delivery
-1200 evacuation shelters set up
-Uk sent shelter kits
-French, Belgium, Israel set up temp hospitals
Long-term responses
-The UN countries gave financial aid and medical supplies
-rebuilding of roads, buildings, airports
-‘cash for work’ schemes to clear debris and re-build
-Aid agencies provided replacement fishing boats
-more cyclone shelters
-1000s home moved away from the coast
RECENT EXTREME WEATHER EVENT IN THE UK
Beast from the East, UK
26 Feb- 8 March 2018
-10 days of blizzards, freezing temp, snow, ice
Caused by: a large area of high pressure dominating Scandinavia and Northern Europe.
SOCIAL IMPACTS:
1-Up to 10 people died
2-snow and ice caused road accidents that meant some people had to wait in the car for over 12hrs!!! = 8000 collisions
3-thousands suffered power cuts
4-schools were closed around the country halting education
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS:
1-Some areas had 50cm of snow!
2-wind chill factor of -10’C
3-day time temp of -4’C
ECONOMIC IMPACTS:
1-many cars were damaged in the 8000 car accidents due to icy roads
2-British Airways cancelled lots of short haul flights
MANAGEMENT & RESPONSES
1-snow ploughs and gritters sent out to improve the roads
2-warnings issued to advise agianst leaving the house
3-Rail stations and networks closed and warned not to use the facilities = many stranded drivers were provided with food, shelter and foil blankets by volunteers.
4- some rural communities had to receive supplies by helicopter as they were completely cut off.
