Case Studies - Regeneration Flashcards
(21 cards)
Who was involved in the decision making for the Salisbury river park project?
Is a collaboration between:
- the environmental agency
- Wiltshire council produced CAF to help make recommendations to guide future development
- Salisbury city council
- Swindon and Wiltshire local enterprise partnership
- Funded by the government agencies, £23.5 out of £35 million
- Opposition = funds from local taxpayers
- People were consulted through direct message/email or through Wiltshire council website
- Success can be measured through a reduction in flooding and an increase in public engagement
350 home and 100 businesses protected
Eden Project - Located in Cornwall
Government funding
brownfield site - built on former clay pit, which shut as a result of the global shift in industry
opened in 2001 - 1.5 million visitors in first year
£600m in first 3 years from tourism
June 2021 hosted G7 Summit - global significance
Contributed £2bn to local economy since launch
Indoor attraction so open all year
Created 450 jobs and supports local services = reduce unemployment by 6%
Worth £10 million a year to the county
Local sourcing is practiced
However
- produces both traffic and noise pollution from 3500 cars
- congestion increases journey time by 30min
- Low revisit value = creates a high deficit
Rust belt/Grimsby/Red Car
Grimsby:
- Function - change over time
- due to 3 Cod wars vs Iceland, the industry changed from fishing
- resulted in loss of jobs, limited supply of production, increased unemployment leading to negative multiplier effect
- By 2030 they aim for a vibrant town centre, green space, use of sea front/waterfront
- Aim to increase tourism and footfall
- £3.3million regeneration plan
Rust Belt: USE THIS
- Michigan USA
- Steel and factory
- 50% population drop - led to brain drain (young people needing work)
- Poverty rates 38% - high
- Industry collapse causing a spiral of decline
- Deindustrialisation - inequality and deprivation, sink estates, postcode lottery, crime in areas like Detroit and Baltimore
- Low spending revenue for local government but increased spending due to claims on benefits
- Regen = subsidised by US government in 2014/15 worth $2.9bn - could make areas over reliant on subsidies
- Low land prices = investment opportunities for large companies
Red Car:
North Yorkshire
Steel and coal industry decline
Employment rate = 70%
Unemployment rate = 6%
What % of adult populatiom have no qualifications = 28%
One of the top 20 msot deprived areas in the UK
Population = 37,000
Raw materials exhaughsted over time
Reduction in foreign market overseas due to collapse of British Empire
Imports were costly so inland works closed
Selected for the £3.6bn town fund, worth around £25m
Proposed new centre for adventure activities to attract visitors, also to link the seafront to the highstreet with a new outdoor area, an improved library and community support hub
Granted £750,000 for a new leisure project with.a new hotel and golf area
Olympic park - Sport led regeneration
- Located in East London
- Olympic Games - regeneration/publicity
- provided accommodation for athletes, turned into 2800 flats for sale and rent
- Housing out of price range for locals due to gentrification - helping wealthy outsiders not locals
- 500 acre brownfield area cleaned = created the largest urban park in Europe
- Suffered previously form deindustrialisation which caused deprivation
- 12,000 jobs created
- Led to railway improvements
- Main stadium converted to West Ham ground = increased FDI
- Negatives = gentrification caused housing to not be affordable, 380 small businesses forced to relocate, new jobs created often went to people from outside the area (not locals)
Athletes’ Village was sold to Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company for £557 million. The company has transformed this area into the East Village providing over 2,800 homes for people. On average, properties are now worth £601,000 and rents begin at £1,750 per month for a studio flat. The East Village is now worth approximately 3 times what the company paid for it.
Diversification of place - Glastonbury, Lyburn Farm
Glastonbury:
500 acres - “Worthy Farm”
changed from farming to festival
difference in opinion of success between locals
Lyburn farm:
diversification - tours, cheese shop locally produced - supply to high end restaurants and made from milk produced by their cows, grow pumpkins
How can success be measured and what is is dependent on?
- Public engagement
- Public perception
- Age
- Gender
- Levels of education
- Lived experience
- SEEP factors (Social, Economic, Environmental, Political)
Salisbury = Home case study
Historic cathedral city with military & tourism links
Economic change and social inequality
Regional and global influences which shape the area = Covid 19, Novichok, flood risk
Residential sorting = The close (gated community)
Commuter villages = Anywhere around Salisbury
Exeter Regen = Contrasting place study
Why and the aims:
Regeneration was needed due to the outdated city centre
The main focus was to revitalise the CBD/make it a more exciting and interesting place to be, without any detriment to the historical heart of Exeter and the existing High Street shops.
When, where and what:
The regeneration strategy was in Princess Hayes
A £225 million redevelopment took place between 2005 and 2007.
The new Princesshay was the first pedestrian-only shopping street in the UK.
50 new shops, restaurants and cafes
In excess of 100 flats and apartments
Public informed in a newsletter
The players involved:
New Homes Bonus company
Exeter city council
Chapman Taylor = architects
Successful or not:
It was a success as it created 1200 jobs and brought in 10 million a year in footfall
Perceptions:
Many people welcomed the Council’s plans for the redevelopment, some did not
There were concerns about the visual impact of a major city centre redevelopment on the historical buildings in Exeter, the most important of which is the cathedral
Archeologists were concerned that new buildings in Exeter would result in the permanent loss of historical artifacts dating back to Saxon times.
Cornwall
Declining rural community
Relies on seasonal tourism
Lack of affordable housing due to second home rate
Governmental/top down developments
HS2 and Heathrow = Centrally planned and managed
Government led projects often include pump priming - injecting funds with th plan to encourage outside investment, including FDI
How can rural areas combat their struggles with rebranding?
Literary associations EG: Bronte country..
The wild moors and the village of Haworth where the Brontes grew up.. the possibility to visit locations where literature was inspired.
Outdoor Pursuits: Wild Scotland – Scottish tourism alliance “Nurture your wild side” slogan
Heritage examples include Northumberland – the setting for some of the Harry Potter films.. Beautiful scenery etc may encourage tourism.
Once a place gains notoriety through books/films etc the place aims to cash in on tourists. This may encourage further investment, development and regeneration. Kings Cross, Glenfinnan Viaduct
Being social media savvy may spread the word faster and more effectively now.
1. Thailand – The Beach
2. New Zealand – Lord of the Rings
3. Croatia/Ireland/Iceland – GoT
What are urban examples of rebranding?
Birmingham – Peaky Blinders
Notting Hill – following the film and Paddington!!
Industrial Heritage – buildings repurposed and rebranded as galleries/museums etc.. Portsmouth docks good examples.
Creative Arts and Tourism - EG: Liverpool waterfront.
How was salisbury affected by Novichok?
Government support = Prime Minister pledged a £2.5 million recovery package
Year after footfall was still 10% below normal
ASK DAD
Rural rebranding/regen
Wild Atlantic Way
1600 miles (2600 km) in length, is one of the longest defined coastal routes in the world along the Irish west coast from the Inishowen Peninsula in the north down to the picturesque town of Kinsale, County Cork, in the south.
188 discovery points
2013:
6.2m tourist trips
1.9bn in revenue (euros)
86,000 jobs supported
2023:
over 8 million tourist trips = increase of 29%
3bn in revenue (euros) = increase of 59%
Over 121,000 jobs supported
57% of revenue = overseas tourists
43% of revenue = Republic of Ireland tourists
Giants Causeway:
County Antrim is located in the north-east of Northern Ireland
The Giant’s Causeway was designated a World Heritage Site in 1986 because of its unique geology and striking landscape
Attracts over 1 million tourists per year
A fire destroyed the old visitor centre in 2000
The Giant’s causeway visitor centre
Provides 75 full-time jobs
Challenges for local communities:
Overtourism (too many visitors)
The money spent on parking etc goes to the National Trust, not the local community
Community access to the site is now limited by the National Trust, despite having had access to it for thousands of year
65% of the community were not involved in the tourist industry, so make little monetary gain or contribute to tourism development
Criteria of success for different stakeholders
National Trust - increased visitor numbers, increased revenue
Moyle District Council - more employment, higher tax revenues
Local community - less disruption due to tourist numbers
Translink (public transport network) - increased demand for services, more profits
Local businesses (e.g. cafes, craft shops, hotel) - more customers, more profit
Development plans to create the Bushmills Dunes Golf Resort and Spa at Runkerry = 500 metres away from the Giant’s Causeway - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which led to objections from environmentalists (e.g. the National Trust, UNESCO)
Due to strong opposition and inadequate finances, the golf course did not go ahead
Exeter economic situation/deprivation
Several wards, including Wonford and Newtown, are among the top 30% most deprived nationally.
Beacon Heath and parts of St Thomas experience persistent disadvantage because of limited access to high-skill employment and lower levels of qualifications.
These factors reduce social mobility and trap residents in cycles of low-paid, insecure work.
Furthermore, the presence of a large student population can skew income data, masking the deeper structural issues related to education and job access.
In 2021, the average percentage of households living in deprivation across Exeter was 49.3%, indicating that nearly half of all households experienced deprivation in at least one dimension.
The most deprived area in Exeter is Wonford and St Loye’s, with 58.19% of households experiencing deprivation.
This area has seen an increase of 7.28% in deprived households since 2011.
The least deprived area is Middlemoor and Sowton, where 40.83% of households are deprived.
Notably, this area experienced a significant 17.45% decrease in deprivation over the past decade.
Deprivation = income and employment inequality
Demographic shifts in Salisbury and Exeter
Salisbury:
6% population growth from 2001-2021
Average age in 2022 = 41.9
92% white
Low migration impact
Exeter:
11% increase from 2011-2021
Average age is stable = 35
10% non white
High - international migration impact
Salisbury economic/deprivation situation
Average house price = 365K
Employment rate = 78%
Stonehenge = brings 1.5m annually, generated 23.5m in 2019
Salisbury Cathedral = 618k visitors in 2018, aims to equal 2019 levels, helped by the new “Magna Carta & Modern Rights” exhibition.
Wiltshire = 23/30 in South West where 1 = most deprived
Approximately 11% of children aged 0–19 in Salisbury live in poverty, surpassing the Wiltshire average of 9.4%
Salisbury has the highest proportion of residents receiving Personal Independence Payments (PIP) for mental health reasons in Wiltshire, at 3.1%, exceeding the national average of 2.8%
The average life expectancy in Salisbury is slightly lower than the Wiltshire average, with men living to 79 years and women to 83 years
57.8% of households do not experience deprivation in employment, education, health, or housing.
31.4% of households experience deprivation in one of the four dimensions.
Deprivation = mental health
Variations in engagement
9million unregistered voters
Only 55% of ethnic minority groups chose to vote in 2015 = ethnic diaspora
Professional and managerial turnout = 75%
compared to manual workers = 57%
Over 60 = more likely to vote
Women = more likely to rote if they are looking after a child
Length of residence = new migrants have weaker attachment compared to longstanding locals
Deprivation = social housing less likely to vote compared to homeowner
HOWEVER = deprivation and ethnicity can increase engagement
Heathrow expansion
Heathrow:
Econ benefits
- plan to add third runway = accommodate as it is the 4th busiest airport globally
- increase flight capacity = 480-720k per year
- £187bn in economic growth
- perhaps more skilled migrants = project work
Econ costs
- loss of 5m passengers = 15000 jobs lost in NW by 2050 due to more flights at Heathrow compared to other parts of the UK
- Expansion = London using a greater share of the UK’s carbon budget
- Increasing polarisation of North South divide
Social benefits
- 180k jobs = help lift deprived regions unemployment rates
- 40 new long hail routes = increase tourism
Social costs
- 700 homes destroyed = Harmonsworth
- 725000 living under flight path
Environmental costs
- 3-4m tonnes of Co2 into the economy
How can policies affect regen?
Conservation areas = National park can restrict developments
Governments have national ambitions placed above local ambitions = fracking can damage locals but provide economic growth nationally - Liz Truss’ lifted the moratorium ban on fracking
Open door immigration = creates demand for housing
Deregulation = in 2016 40,000 houses used as offshore tax havens and not being used to live in
Second homes and holiday homes = less housing market for local people
Enterprise zones
Established in 2012
Areas of reduced taxes to encourage firms to locate
Attracted over $2.4bn of private sector investment
24,000 jobs created
