catabolism of pyruvate

Question 1

where does the citric acid cycle occur

Answer 1

matrix of mitochondria

Question 2

what makes NADH and FADH

Answer 2

dehydrogenases

Question 3

what increases when hunrgy

Answer 3

glucagon, epinephrine and cortosol

Question 4

further oxidation of pyruvate

Answer 4

enters mitochodnria and pyruvate dehydorgenase takes a carbon and 2 o2s from pyruvate and adds co-a mkaing acetyl co-a

Question 5

role of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 5

takes a carobn and 2o2s from pyruvate and adds co-a making acetyl co-a

Question 6

what is simultaneously occuring during make up of acetyl co-a

Answer 6

2e- are transferred to nad+ in the from of a hydride ion making NADH

Question 7

last step of further oxidation of pyruvate

Answer 7

carbon and 2 co2s are released to form co2

Question 8

first step of citric acid cycle

Answer 8

acetyl co-a binds with oxaloacetate(4 carbon) by citrate synthase to make citrate (6 carbon)

Question 9

what is released during the first process of citric acid cycle

Answer 9

co-enzyme A

Question 10

role of aconitase

Answer 10

rearanges citrate to make its isomer isocitrate

Question 11

isocitrarte dehydrogenase role

Answer 11

removes a carbon and 202s from isocitrate

Question 12

rate limitng step

Answer 12

isocitrarte dehydrogenase

Question 13

what also happens in the process of isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer 13

two electrons are also transferred to a nearby NAD+, in the form of a hydride ion, making our first NADH, and the carbon and oxygens give us our first CO2, leaving us with a 5-carbon molecule called alpha ketoglutarate

Question 14

what can inhibit isocitrate dehydorgenase

Answer 14

High levels of ATP and NADH in the cell

Question 15

what stimulates isocitrate dehydorgenase

Answer 15

high levels of ADP, an ATP precursor

Question 16

does calcium activate or inhibit isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer 16

activates as calcium rises during muscle contraction

Question 17

role of called alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Answer 17

converts the 5-carbon alpha-ketoglutarate to the 4-carbon succinyl-CoA, releasing our 2nd molecule of NADH and CO2 in the process

Question 18

role of succinate thiokinase

Answer 18

removes the CoA from succinyl CoA, turning it into a 4-carbon succinate molecule

Question 19

how is the first GTP made

Answer 19

succinate thiokinase couples a phosphate and GDP molecule to the reaction, making GTP

Question 20

succinate dehydrogenase role

Answer 20

transforms succinate to fumarate

Question 21

what is also happening durig succinate dehydrogenase role

Answer 21

two electrons and two protons are transferred to FAD to produce FADH2

Question 22

fumarate hydrase role

Answer 22

adds a water molecule to fumarate, making malate.

Question 23

how is malate converted to oxaloactete

Answer 23

by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase making our 3rd and final NADH in the process

Question 24

do hormones play a role in the regulation

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what does the citric acid cycle yield

Answer 25

3NADH; 3 ATP per so 9
1 FADH2; 2 ATP
2 CO2; 1 ATP
12 ATP

Question 26

how many acetyl coa made from glucose

Answer 26

2 so 24 atp