glycolysis

Question 1

glucose molecule

Answer 1

6 carbon molecules

Question 2

where does glycolysis take plaace

Answer 2

cytoplasma

Question 3

is glycolyssi still possible if 02 is low

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

anabolism

Answer 4

buildup

Question 5

cataboism

Answer 5

breakdown

Question 6

energy conusming phase

Answer 6

requires atp

Question 7

energy producing phase

Answer 7

geenrares atp

Question 8

what happens in response to high blood glucose

Answer 8

pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin

Question 9

how does glucose get inside the clels

Answer 9

utilizes glucose transporters, or GLUT, which are on the cell membrane.

Question 10

where are GLUT found

Answer 10

on cell membrane

Question 11

what happens once glucose is iinside the cell

Answer 11

prevented from diffusing across the cell membrane back into the circulation by enzymes

Question 12

kinases

Answer 12

enzymes which prevent glucose from diffusig across the cell membrane back into circulation

Question 13

what phosphorylates glucose

Answer 13

kinases

Question 14

what changes the shape of the glucose molecu;e

Answer 14

a phosphate groupp haven being added

Question 15

what does the frist phosphate come from and result in

Answer 15

breakdown of atp into adp so drops us to -1 on energy cpunter

Question 16

how is glucose turned into glucose 6 phosphate

Answer 16

hezokinase and glucokinas add a phosphate group to the 6th carbon in the glucose molecole

Question 17

where is hexokinase found

Answer 17

in all cells

Question 18

where is glucokinase found

Answer 18

liver cells and beta cells of panceas (induced by presence of insulin)

Question 19

is the firts step reversible

Answer 19

no

Question 20

isomer of glucose 6 phosphate

Answer 20

fructose 6 phosphate

Question 21

role of phosphoglucoisomerase

Answer 21

converts Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

Question 22

what is Fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylated by

Answer 22

phosphofructokinase-1, or PFK1

Question 23

role of phosphofructokinase-1, or PFK1

Answer 23

adds a phosphate to the 1st carbon on the fructos moleucle making fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Question 24

what makes us -2 on the enrgy counter

Answer 24

phosphofructokinase-1, or PFK1 adding a phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

Question 25

rate limitting step

Answer 25

how fast PFK1 converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate determines the speed at which all of glycolysis happens.

Question 26

how do cells regulate PFK1

Answer 26

by using another enzyme called phosphofructokinase 2 - or PFK2.

Question 27

can PFK2 phosphorykate glucose aswell as PFK1

Answer 27

yes howevrr it adds a phosphate to the second carbon instead making fructose 2 6 bisphosphate

Question 28

what acitvates PFK2

Answer 28

insulin so when blood glcuose is up post meal

Question 29

what does incraesed levels offructose-2,6 bisphosphate activate

Answer 29

PFK1

Question 30

what does more PFK1 mean

Answer 30

the slowest step in glycolysis speeds up, and more glucose is turned into energy

Question 31

what does the pancreas secrete whe glucose is low

Answer 31

glucagon

Question 32

glucagon function

Answer 32

inhibits PFK2, resulting in less fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which inhibits PFK1, decreasing the rate of PFK1 enzymes, and that slows down glycolysis

Question 33

what else inhibits PFK1

Answer 33

citrate and ATP as cell has lots of enerfgy so doesnt need more

Question 34

what happens when the cells DO need energy

Answer 34

PFK1 becomes very active in creating fructose 1 6 bisphosphate

Question 35

what is Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate cleaved by

Answer 35

enzyme adolase into 3 carbon molecules - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, and dihydroacetone-phosphate, or DHAP.

Question 36

complication of DHAP

Answer 36

cant go down glycolysis pathwya so an isomerase converts it into G3P

Question 37

ho many g3p molecules are made per glucose

Answer 37

2

Question 38

what is g3p converte dinto

Answer 38

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, or 1,3-BPG, by an enzyme called G3P-dehydrogenase.

Question 39

role of G3P-dehydrogenase

Answer 39

removes a hydrogen from G3P and gives it to a nearby NAD+ molecule, making NADH as a byproduct and adds a phosphate group to the 1st carbon of G3P, making 1,3-BPG

Question 40

how many nadh molecules are made

Answer 40

2 as there are two g3ps

Question 41

pathwya of nadh

Answer 41

enters the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and makes roughly 3 ATP.

Question 42

role of phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 42

removes a phosphate from the 1st carbon of 1,3-BPG and gives it to ADP, making 3-phosphoglycerate, and ATP as a byproduct

Question 43

energy counter post phosphoglycerate kinase role

Answer 43

0

Question 44

mutase role

Answer 44

moves the phosphate on 3-phosphoglycerate to the 2nd carbon, making 2-phosphoglycerate

Question 45

enolase role

Answer 45

removes a water molecule from 2 phosphoglycerate and makes phosphoenolpyruvate - or PEP

Question 46

pyruvate kinase role

Answer 46

transfers a phosphate from PEP to ADP, making pyruvate, and ATP as a byproduct

Question 47

atp counter post pyrivate kinase

Answer 47

2

Question 48

feedforward regulation

Answer 48

fructose-1,6 bisphosphate upregulates pyruvate kinase

Question 49

what downregulates pyruvate kinase activity

Answer 49

high levels of ATP and the amino acid alanine

Question 50

where does alanine come from

Answer 50

from skeletal muscle when fastingw

Question 51

what does high levels of alanine signal

Answer 51

that the body needs to make new glucose

Question 52

how many atp made

Answer 52

2

Question 52

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

Answer 52

anaerobic

Question 53

how many atp used

Answer 53

4

Question 54

end product of glycolysis

Answer 54

pyruvate