Transcription and translation

Question 1

dna

Answer 1

has two strands making a double helix

Question 2

what is a single strand composed of

Answer 2

4 types of nucleotides; building blocks of dna

Question 3

nucleotide components

Answer 3

suagr
phosphate
nucleobase

Question 4

how do nucleotides of one strand pair up with the other

Answer 4

via hydrogen bonds

Question 5

how does the coding strand run

Answer 5

5’ to 3’

Question 6

how does the template strand run

Answer 6

3’ to 5’

Question 7

how does transxription start

Answer 7

unpacking of DNA from chromatin and de-helicization - meaning that the double helix unwinds a bit so that individual genes are exposed

Question 8

how is the start point of a gene determined

Answer 8

by a promotor region

Question 9

what is a promotor region

Answer 9

repetitive non-coding sequence of nucleotides

Question 10

TATA box

Answer 10

famous promotor
marks where to start transciribing

Question 11

pre initiation complex

Answer 11

proteins come together around the promoter featuring an enzyme called polymerase

Question 12

elogation

Answer 12

rna polyermase unzips the two strands by shearing the hydorgen bonds between the complementary nucleotides

Question 13

action of rna polymerase

Answer 13

polymerase follows the template strand and uses it to assemble an mRNA molecule, that is the mirrored image of the template strand

Question 14

how does mrna differ from dna

Answer 14

t replaced with uracil

Question 15

how does mrna run

Answer 15

5’ to 3’

Question 16

how does rna move along

Answer 16

3’ to 5’

Question 17

what does rna do to mrna

Answer 17

attaches complemetary nucleotides

Question 18

if the leading strand is AATCCAGTA what is the template and mrna strand

Answer 18

template; T T A G G T C A T

mrna; A A U C C A G U A

Question 19

what happens as rna polymerase goes down the dna

Answer 19

zips the dna back together nearer the end

Question 20

terminator sequence

Answer 20

where the rna polymerase eventually reaches
contains two complimentary sequences in a row

Question 21

what makes the rna polymerase detach from dna strand

Answer 21

when the terminator sequence gets transcribed into mrna and the seuqnces bond with each other causing termination

Question 22

termination

Answer 22

mrna detaches from enzyme
dna closes back up
rn goes off to transcirbe aother

Question 23

spliceosome

Answer 23

splices intorns out of mrna

Question 24

exons

Answer 24

coding regions

Question 25

intorns

Answer 25

non coding

Question 26

how does the mrna get out of the nucelus

Answer 26

through a pore and hooks up with an idle ribosome to beign translation

Question 27

initiation

Answer 27

ribosome grabs mrna

Question 28

codon

Answer 28

groups of 3 letters

Question 29

what does a codon code for

Answer 29

amino acid

Question 30

how does the irbsoome start

Answer 30

start codon- usually AUG

Question 31

when does translation continue until

Answer 31

stop codon also known as termination

Question 32

trna

Answer 32

takes amino acid to ribosome

Question 33

anticodon

Answer 33

trna
complementary to mrna so can bind and deposit amino acid in ribosome

Question 34

3 binding sites of ribosome for trna to bind

Answer 34

aminoacyl site
peptidly site
exit site

Question 35

what begins translation

Answer 35

trna binding to p site with methionine; AUG

Question 36

what binds to A site

Answer 36

amino acid-carrying tRNA with the complementary codon for the mRNA

Question 37

peptide bond role

Answer 37

hoolds growing protein together

Question 38

where does a peptide bond form

Answer 38

between the amino acid of the tRNA in the A-site and the amino acid of the charged tRNA in the P-site

Question 39

where is the growing polyp chain transferred to

Answer 39

a site

Question 40

how is the process repeated

Answer 40

trna with polyp chain moves to p site and so a site becomes open for a new trna to bring another AA

Question 41

final part of translation

Answer 41

ribosome carrying its fresh protein to endoplasmic reticulum