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catdiovascuLr sustem Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the CCC stimulated by

A

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioreceptors

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2
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sense chemical chnages
detect chnages in c02
excerise, increase in c02
c02 important in controlling Hr
when increase in concentration of c02, stimulates sympathetic nervous system to increase HR

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3
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure
choose set point
any increase or decrease from set point, causes signal to be sent to medulla
increase in arterial pressure, increase in stretch of baroreceptors, reduction in HR

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4
Q

proprioreceptors

A

detect chnages in movement
exercise, detect change in movement
impulse then sent to medulla
sends impulse through sympathetic nervous system to SA NODE to increase HR

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5
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out out ventricles per contraction

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6
Q

stroke volume and venous return relaistoop

A

as venous return increases, so does SV
more blood coming back to heart, more blood leaving heart

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7
Q

starlings law

A

increase in venous return, greater diastolic filling phase, greater stretch of cardiac muscle, greater force of contraction, greater ejection fraction

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8
Q

heart rate

A

amount of times heart beats per minute

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9
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out of ventrixles per mintier

SVxHR

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10
Q

max heart rate calculation

A

220-age

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11
Q

max exercise graph

A

ananerobic excerise e.g sprinting

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12
Q

sub max exercise graph

A

straight line at top
aerobic exercise e.g jogging
steady as oxygen meets demand

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13
Q

what happens to cardiac output during exercise

A

increase due to increase in SV and HR but only increased until certain point, then plateaus

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14
Q

cardiac hupotrophy

A

cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger

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15
Q

bradycardia

A

reduction in HR to 60 beats per minute

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16
Q

heart disease

A

caused by smoking, low cholesterol levels, lack in exercise
coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart
coronary arteries become blocked up or narrowed by fatty deposits (atheroma)
process called atherosclerosis
arteries become less able to deliver as much oxygen to heart -causes pain agina
if one of the fatty deposits falls off it causes a blood clot which can cut off supply to heart causing heart attacks

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17
Q

benefits of exercise on the heart

A

keeps heart healthy

can pump more void around the body

makes heart bigger and strong (cardiohypertrophy)

increases SV
maintain flexibility of blood vessels

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18
Q

stroke

A

blood supply to brain is cut off

brain cells start to die

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19
Q

two types of strokes

A

HI
haemorrhagic-stroke occurs from weakned blood vessel supplying brain bursts

ischaemic-blood clot stops blood supply

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20
Q

cardiovascular drift

A

heart rate should stay same during steady state of exercise

instead slowly climbs-cardiovascular drift

decrease in pressure and SV but increase in HR

when environment is warm

caused by sweat, when we sweat some of lost fluid comes from plasma volume
decrease in plasma, reduces venous return and stroke volume

HR increases to maintain higher cardiac output to create more energy to cool body down

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21
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary-deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs, oxygenated blood back to heart
systemic-oxygenated bloody from heart and lungs, deoxygenated blood back to heart

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22
Q

characteristics of veins

A

blood at low pressure
thin muscular layers

contain valves

wide lumen

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23
Q

arteries

A

highest pressure
smaller lumen

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24
Q

cappileries

A

only wide enough to allow one red blood cell to pass through at given time

one cell thick meaning short diffusion pathway

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25
relationship of pressure and vasodilation or construction
diastolic phase decreases due to vasodilation systolic pressure
26
venous return
return of blood to right side of the body via the vena cava
27
venous return mechanisms
skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump pocket valves
28
skeletal muscle pump
as muscles contract and relax they change shape compress on nearby behind causing pumping effect and more blood to be pumped up to heart
29
respiratory pump
as mucked contract and relax, change in blood pressure chnage in pressure causes nearby veins to be compressed causi bc more blood back to heart
30
pocket valves
assure blood flows in one direction open and closes to prevent blood back flow
31
diastolic pressure
pressure in blood vessels when ventricles are relaxing
32
systolic pressure
pressure in blood vessels when ventricles are contracting
33
transportation of oxygen
cappileries-oxygen diffuses into capillaries, 3% diffuses into plasma 97% combines with oxygen forming oxygenhamolgobin tissues-oxygen is then released from haemologbin called oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve muscles-oxygen is stored by myglobin higher affinity for oxygen and will store it for mitochondria to then use for the muscles
34
why does our stroke volume reduce in cardiovascular drift
dehydration
35
sympathetic control of breathing
increase in breathing rate medulla obllagata-RCC (respiratory control centre)
36
vasocualr shunt mechanism
redistribution of blood to areas where oxygen is most needed
37
vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels to increase blood flow to capillaries
38
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to cappileries
39
pre-capillary splinters
aid blood redistribution capillary have them relaxed to increases blood flow
40
alveoli
responsible for exchange of gases between lungs and vlood
41
diffusion
movement of gas molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
42
how is structure used to help gaseasous exchange
walls thin so short disunion pathway huge surface area to increase uptake of oxygen
43
gaseous exchange
movement of oxygen from air into blood carbon dioxide from blood into air
44
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in and out per breath increases during exercise
45
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air forcibly inspired after normal breath decreases during exercise
46
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air forcibly expired after normal breath decreases during exercise
47
minute ventiallation
volume of air breathed in and out per minute increases during exercise
48
residual volume
volume of air left in lungs after max expiration stays same during exercise
49
what measures volume of air
spirometer
50
gaseous exchange
getting oxygen from air into lungs so can diffuse in blood and transport to cells of the body getting rid of carbon dioxide from blood
51
gaseous exchange at the alveoli
partial pressure of oxygen in alveloi is higher then partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary
52
what is the difference in partial pressure referred to as
concentration/diffusion gradient
53
what happens to oxygen in alveoli during gaseous exchange
oxygen will diffuse into blood from alveloi until pressure is equal in both
54
what happens to co2 during gaseous exchange
partial pressure of c02 is higher in the cappileries then the alveloi the oxygen will diffuse into the alveoli from the blood until pressure is equal
55
gaseous exchange at muscles
56
smoking
negative impact on respiratory system causes irritation of trachea and bronchi reduced lung function increases breathlessness causes swelling and narrowing of lung airways damaged cells lining the trachea causes damage to cilia (tiny hairs which help remove mucus out of lungs)
57
types of muscle fibres
type 1 (slow oxidative) type 2a (fast oxidative glycotic) type 2x (fast glycotic)
58
slow oxidative fibres (type 1)
slow contraction speed better adapted for lower intensity exercises produce energy aerobically
59
fast twitch fibres fast oxidative glycotic (type 2a) fast glycotic (type 2x)
quick contraction speed used for high intensities produce energy ananerobically e.g sprint
60
type 2a
resistance to fatigue longer burst of energy needed e.g 1500m run
61
type 2x
fibres fatigue much quicker highly explosive i’ve events e.g sprint short bursts of energy needed
62
characteristics of type 1 fibre
motor neurone size small high myglobin content high capillary density high mitochondria density
63
charceteistixs of type 2a
large motor neurone size medium mitochondria content medium myglobin content medium cappileries density
64
type 2x
large motor neurone size low myglobin content low mitochondrial density low capillary density
65
hypertrophy
where muscle becomes bigger and stronger
66
muscle fibres
grouped into motor units
67
motor unit
consists of muscle fibres and motor neurone
68
neuromuscular junction
where motor neurone and muscle fibre meet
69
motor units, motor nuerons and muscle fibres
motor unit consists of muscle fibres and motor neurons when muscle fibres and motor units meet=neuromuscular junction fine movements=motor units with only few fibres gross movement=feed of 100s of fibres
70
slow twitch motor units
recruited for lower intensity exercises e.g jogging fast twitch fibres recruited for higher intensity exercises e.g sprint
71
how to increase strength of contraction
wave summation spatial summation
72
wave summation
repeated activation of a motor neurone stimulating a given muscle fibre resulting in greater force of contraction each time nerve impulse reaches muscle cell, calcium is released repeated nerve impulses with no time to relax, calcium built up creating smooth contraction-tetanic contraction
73
spatial summation
impulses received at same time at different places on the neurone add up fire to neurone recruitment of additional bigger motor units within muscle to develop more force
74
omggg (proprioreceptors neuromuscular facilitation
type of advanced stretching muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
75
what are the two proprioreceptors for PNF
muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
76
muscle spindles
stretch receptors detect how far and fast a muscle is being stretched send signal for muscle to contract, stretch reflex preventing overstretching
77
golgi tendon organs
detect tension in muscle when muscle contracts isometricallg in pnf, sense increase in tension and send signals for muscle to relax known as autogenic inhibition
78
steps of PNF
1. performer performs passive stretch with help of partner stretch detected by muscle spindles. if muscle stretched too far, stretch reflex occurs 2. individual isometricallg contracts muscle for at least 10 secs pushing leg against partner golgi tendon organs then activated send signals with override signals of muscle spindles, delaying the stretch reflex 3. meg stretches up, golgi tendon organs responsible for muscle relaxing which means leg stretches further
79
hiit
work is anaerobic recovery is aerobic
80
plyometrics
involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power
81
plyometrics
involve high intensive explosive movements e.h hopping and jumping used fast twitch fibres
82
SAQ
speed agility and quickness aims to improve multi directional movements drills include zig zags beneficial for goal keeper as have to go from side to side

mock revision pe (41 decks)

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