Cattle 6 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
CASE - recumbent cow is depressed, 7yo and calved yesterday what to do next?
A
- HYPOCALCAEMIA
- Check the uterus, udder and give 4 in 1
○ More likely metabolic +/- retained membranes
○ Treat inflammatory/second recumbency/pain relief - flunixin or Metacam
2
Q
CASE - recumbent cowis depressed, 2yo and calved yesterday what do you do next
A
- Not thinking metabolic - LIKELIHOOD OF HYPOCALCAEMIA IS LOWER
-Think dystocia or sepsis
Start with full 5 station clinical exam
3
Q
With weight loss and poor performance what are 2 important things to consider
A
- MONITORING - just measure and report the measurements
○ Compare the measurements - Diet control program
○ Good way to get client engagement and build rapport
4
Q
What are the 4 main manifestations of poor performance
A
1) Easier with exercise performance -> decreased athletic performance - horses and greyhounds
2) Poor growth
○ Expected birth weight or weight at certain ages - BENCHMARKING
○ Growth rates -> under or over production can cause issue
3) Increased mortality in flock/herd
4) Increased susceptibility to other problems - ill-thrift in weaner sheep or cattle important
○ Ectoparasites
5
Q
What are the 6 main steps in investigating poor performance and what is VERY IMPORTANT
A
1) compare to benchmarks
2) history - hubandry, trainers opinion, change in management
3) regular longitudinal management/measurement - unsure whether losing weight measure over period of time
4) Comparison with known ‘best practice’
5) comparison with Previous measurements
6) Good clinical exam & evaluating common causes for that production system
Important - are your client’s expectations reasonable (how do they compare to industry benchmarks?)
If have useful benchmarks can use this to communicate with clients
6
Q
Weight loss what are some potential causes/contributions
A
- Insufficient and/or WRONG nutrients offered available (age, sex, reproductive stage)
○ Environmental issues -> pasture, stocking rate - Insufficient nutrient intake (even when they are available)
○ Detention, diseases of oral cavity, competition with other animals, lameness
○ gastrointestinal blockage - Poor nutrient digestion
○ Gastrointestinal -> stomach, intestines, pancreatitis - Poor nutrient absorption - generally goes with poor nutrient digestion
- Increased nutrient utilisation
○ metabolic or endocrine dysfunction, neoplasia (decreased desire to eat with increase requirement) - Nutrient loss (GIT, kidneys)
7
Q
What is important in preventing poor performance
A
- Be able to identify appropriate measurements to pick up when animals are starting to go off track
○ e.g. condition score, body weight, growth rate targets
§ How often need to monitor these things? -> depends on the damage that a change can lead to
□ Etc haemolytic anaemia at the beginning monitoring PCV a few times a day
§ How many animals need to be measured for satisfactory precision?
○ Environmental measurements
§ e.g. shed ammonia, maximum E. coli counts in environment
□ e.g. bacterial load in aquaculture tanks - These measures + some behavioural ones can be good objective measures of animal welfare
8
Q
Define illthrift, wasting and tail of the mob
A
- Ill-thrift
○ a term commonly used to describe young stock that fail to grow, increase in weight or maintain weight in the presence of apparently adequate food supplies and in the absence of recognizable disease. - Wasting
○ a term generally used in adult cattle to describe a debilitating disease that causes a cow to lose condition as muscle and fat tissue “waste” away - a tail on the mob
○ A mob of stock is described as having a large tail on it if there are a bigger than expected percentage of the mob exhibiting illthrift
9
Q
Illthrift what are the common causes, specific causes in individual and mob animals
A
Causes - Not eating - Not being able to eat - Not being fed - Not being fed enough/correctly - Having parasites - Having diseases Individual animals - No teeth - Woody tongue/lumpy jaw - Johne's disease - LDA - Worms - Any chronic disease In a mob - Nutrition - energy, protein, fibre - Trace elements - Parasites - Diseases
10
Q
Diagnostic approach to illthrift investigating
A
- Is there a problem?
- Which animals have the problem
- Likely diagnosis
- Investigation (lab tests)
11
Q
Mob illthrift issues what are the 7 main questions need to ask about potential causes
A
1) do they have enough energy
2) do they have enough protein
3) is there too much fibre
4) are there trace element deficiencies
5) is there a water quality problem
6) is there a parasite problem
7) is there an underlying disease - pestivirus persistenyl infected (calves), Johne’s disease (adults)
12
Q
Energy how described, 3 main places get from and average energy of most diets
A
○ Metabolizable Energy - Per Kilogram Of Dry Matter = digestibility of the feed
§ MJ ME/KgDM
- You can get energy from
○ Fat: 1 gram = 37kj -> we don’t give cows a lot of fat
○ Protein: 1 gram = 17 kj
○ Simple Carbohydrates: 1 gram = 16 kj -> don’t feed complicated carbohydrates as the bacteria will take this
○ Rule of thumb - most diets about 10MJ/KgDM
13
Q
Energy requirements what is the general equation, maintenance for 500Kg cow, how much needed for milk and therefore how to determine requirement in KgDM for dairy and when important to do
A
○ Maintenance -> ME = 0.55*BW^0.75 (as animal get bigger the proportion of energy needed for maintenance is lower)
○ Maintenance for a 500kg dairy cow = 60Mj
○ Milk = 5MJ/L
○ Average diet = 10Mj/KG
○ Requirement in KgDM= half the litres + 6
IMPORTANT TO DO FOR DAIRY COWS that aren’t producing
14
Q
Protein what made of, how much calves need and what occurs with diet with this and with half of this
A
- Protein contains Nitrogen (why not just energy) and Energy
○ Calves need 15% Protein at a certain age
§ A diet with 15% protein
□ 100Mj -> 15Mj protein, 85Mj carbohydrate
§ A diet with 7.5% protein
□ 100Mj -> 7.5Mj protein, 92.5Mj energy
® 50Mj -> 15% protein within -> goes to calf body, bones, growth
® 50Mj -> without enough protein within -> excess carbohydrates -> stored as FAT
□ IF NOT ENOUGH PROTEIN - cannot use energy that is eating and stores as fat
® Short statue but fat animals
15
Q
Not enough protein leading to illthrift what common in, what result in
A
- Common issue in heifer diets
- Protein disorders
□ IF NOT ENOUGH PROTEIN - cannot use energy that is eating and stores as fat
® Short statue but fat animals
16
Q
Why is too much fibre a bad thing and what is the intake rules of thumb
A
- Fibre is a major determinant of intake
- Too little fibre leads to acidosis
- Too much fibre slows digestion and thus reduces intake -> fibre takes longer to digest
- NDF (non-digestible fibre)-> hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin
- NDF intake rules of thumb
○ Optimum intake is achieved when NDF content equals 28% to 34% of total diet DM.
○ Maximum NDF intake from forage should equal 1% of the cow´s body weight.
○ Maximum intake of NDF in the total ration should equal 1.2% of the cow’s body weight (1.3% for a high-producing cow).
17
Q
What are the 2 main ways to measure a diet for energy, protein and fibre - EXAM
A
1. Dietary Assessment ○ Work out what they are eating ○ Use “typical values” ○ Look up requirements ○ Calculate differences 2. The feed can be measured ○ Pasture ○ Hay ○ Silage ○ Grain/concentrates Feedtest.com.au - A measurement of feed performed by the DPI
18
Q
What are the 6 main trace element deficiencies that lead to illthrift
A
1) copper
2) cobalt
3) selenium
4) iodine
5) zinc
6) others - Fe, Mn, Mo, I, Cr, F
19
Q
Copper deficiency main function, where stores and epidemiology of deficiency
A
§ Acts as enzyme activators or constituents -> don’t learn the rest
○ Copper is stored in the liver -> different to other trace elements
○ Deficiency Epidemiology
□ Grasses have lower Cu than cloves
□ In both concentrations declines from winter to late spring and increases during simmer
® Therefore - seen in winter and late spring and self resolves in summer
□ Copper deficient areas -> southern australia -> Victoria
20
Q
Copper deficiency what are the main cliical signs
A
□ Change in coat colour –Black turns red ® More mild deficiency (may not see diarrhoea at this point) □ Diarrhoea ® Villous atrophy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency ® Can resolve within 12 hours of 10mg Cu □ Infertility ® Delayed puberty - may be related to Mo excess □ Gait abnormalities ® Prone to fractures □ “Falling Disease” ® Aortic rupture due to weak collagen □ Immunosuppression ® Phagocyte function; ⇓ chemotaxis □ Anaemia ® Link between Cu and Fe metabolism ® Rare –needs very low Cu □ Humerus fractures □ Illthrift
21
Q
What are the 2 main types of copper deficiency which most common and its cause - EXAM
A
§ Primary Copper deficiency is uncommon
§ Secondary Copper deficiency is common
□ Deficiency in the face of enough copper - adding copper to the diet WILL NOT HELP this situation
□ Following can prevent the absorption of copper if in high numbers
® Molybdenum (Pasture fertilizer) -> copper + molybdenum = non-absorbable compound
® Sulphur (Fertilizer, acts with Mo)
® Iron (eg water, soil)
22
Q
Diagnosis of copper deficiency 3 main ways and what groups of animals test
A
a) Liver biopsy - Early diagnosis, but difficult and carries risk
b) Caeruloplasmin (ferroxidase)
◊ 80% of serum Cu is in this form
◊ Correlated with plasma and serum Cu
◊ Acute phase protein –mucked up by inflammation, fasting, stress
◊ Plasma is better than serum (sequestrated in clot)
c) Serum/Plasma copper
◊ Can be done, but more difficult -> micronutrient - VERY LOW LEVELS
□ Test high risk animals –calves or lactating/pregnant cows
® NOT NEW BORN ANIMALS - need to have adequate copper levels to be born
23
Q
Treatment/prevention for copper deficiency what can do orally
A
□ Oral - reduced by secondary deficiencies
® Topdress the pasture (in the fertilizer)
® Add to ration (“trace element pellets”)
® Trace Element Licks
® Add to water (also stops the algae in troughs)
® “Copper Bullets” –long term treatment
® Efficacy reduced by Fe,Mo,S
24
Q
Treatment/prevention for copper deficiency what can do parenteral and when cannot do
A
® 2 ml injection. Ouch. Abscesses -> not all the times - hygiene important
® Translocates to liver - the 2 types takes different times -> DURING THE TIME WHEN IN THE PLASMA - likely cause failure of conception
◊ Cu-Edetate - 7d - better choice if closer to joining
◊ Cu-Glycinate - 21d
® More recently Cu-edta “Multi-Min” -> new copper type
DO NOT INJECT COPPER WITHIN 5 WEEKS OF OR DURING JOINING
25
Cobalt deficiency main presentation and why is cobalt important in diet
○ “Illthrift in the midst of plenty”
○ Infertility, Illthrift, weepy eyes
○ Common presentation - appears to be anthelmintic resistance - illthrift after drenching
Importance
- required everyday as no storage in liver, required for synthesis of Vit B12 and conversion of carbohydrate to energy
26
Cobalt deficiency cause, suspicion and diagnosis
```
§ Causes
□ Some soils are Co deficient
□ Diets low in fibre reduce absorption
§ Suspicion
□ “Things don’t add up”
□ Illthriftin the midst of plenty
□ Large numbers of adult cows not cycling
□ Milk production not consistent with diet
□ NO OTHER CLINICAL SIGNS - don't scour
§ Diagnosis
□ Serum B12 - Problems with this test because normal levels are so low –but everyone uses it anyway
□ Liver Cobalt or Liver b12
□ Milk B12
□ Tissue Co (but 1umol/Kg is v small)
```
27
Selenium what is it, when see deficiency and risk factors
○ Anti-Oxidant
○ Similar actions to Vitamin E -> will use either selenium or vitamin E -
§ THEREFORE only see clinical signs IF low selenium AND vitamin E - SO DEFICIENCY OF ANTI-OXIDANTS BETTER TERM
§ Vitamin E -> higher in green grasses so won't see clinical signs if selenium levels is decreased
○ Risk factors for deficiency
§ Many Australian soils are deficient
□ Especially high rainfall areas
§ Absorption is decrease in high forage diets
§ “Selenium responsive disease” is a better name than “selenium deficiency”
□ Other anti-oxidants can “cover for it”
□ Vitamin E is high in green feed (opposite of copper) - deficiency in SUMMER
28
Selenium deficiency syndromes what are they
1) nutritional muscular dystrophy
2) illthrift
□ Often chronic diarrhoea, retention of winter coat
3) Heinz body anaemia
§ Suboptimal milk yield
§ Suboptimal fertility
§ Retained Foetal Membranes
§ Subclinical Mastitis
§ Premature/stillborn calves
29
Nutritional muscular dystrophy what also called, when occurs, what is it and the 2 forms with clinical signs
“White Muscle disease” - selenium and Vit E deficiency
□ Non-inflammatory degeneration/necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle
(1) Acute NMD
® Sudden death in first 3 days of life
® Usually involves myocardium and diaphragm
® Found in sudden lateral recumbency; look limp; normal neuro reflexes
(2) Subacute NMD
® 1-4 months
® Skeletal muscles –paresis/recumbency
® Precipitated by stress (eg vaccination)
® Lush pastures too much polyunsaturated Fas, not enough antioxidants
® VitE reduces disease, Se prevents it
® Lots of deaths; healing by fibrosis –poor Prognosis
30
Selenium deficiency diagnosis and what need to be careful of
§ Soil/feed samples complicated by VitE
§ Serum Selenium
□ Reflects recent intake, but may not be correlated with disease
§ WHOLE BLOOD Glutathione peroxidase
□ cheap and easy
□ need unclotted blood because GPX is inside RBC
□ Erythrocytes survive 135-160 days
□ Time lag between dietary intake and GPX levels - so may not be on deficient diet at that point in time
§ Liver Se
§ Clinical response trial
§ Clinical signs in severe disease (WMD)
§ BEWARE - many of these diseases are multi-factorial
□ Cows with RFMs and low Se levels may not respond to Se treatment
31
Selenium deficiency treatment and reasons for treatment
```
Treatment - can be toxic
§ Supplement pasture or diet
§ Sodium Selenate Drench (3w, toxic, cheap)
§ Injectable selenium preparations (6w-12mo)
§ Pour on Selenium (probably 6 weeks)
§ Selenium Bullets (12 months)
○ Reasons for treatment
§ Clinical disease
§ Prevention of deficiency
§ Treatment of deficiency
§ Each farm is different –need a plan …
```
32
With illthrift cattle how to determine whether there is a water quality problem, what are the quality components and presentation
- Access to water
- Can they fit around the trough
- Water quality components
○ Salinity
§ Salty water - cows actually don't mind the salty water -> can handle high levels
§ NaCl, bicarbonate …
○ Hardness
§ Taste issues
§ Hi Iron may cause Co, Se deficiencies
○ Nitrates, Sulphates
§ Yuk, toxic
○ Microbiological agents
§ Coliforms
§ Blue green algae
- Presentation
○ Water quality problems can look like trace element problems
§ Tail on the mob
§ Chronic diarrhoea
§ Illthrift
§ Reduced production
§ Smell, taste, analyse the water …
33
In terms of illthrift cattle what are the main types of parasites worried about and diagnosis
```
- Types
○ Gastrointestinal
§ Ostertagia
§ Cooperia
§ Trichostrongylus
§ Fasciola
○ Lungworm
§ Dictyocaulus viviparus
- Diagnosis
○ Faecal egg
○ Faecal larvae
○ Plasma pepsinogen
○ Fluke ELISA
○ Bulk milk ELISA
```
34
What is the first step in diagnosis of illthrift issue and what within
1. Get a History
- What is the problem ?
○ How many affected, how badly
○ Over what period ?
- Check out the environment
○ How much grass in the paddock?
○ What is the water supply like?
- Management of the Mob
○ Enquire about the diet
○ Drench, Vaccination, treatment History
§ Drench - if within 2 weeks - faecal egg count - if eggs - resistance
35
After getting a good history what are the next 3 steps in diagnosis of illthrift issues
2. Examine the mob
- How many affected, how badly
3. Examine some individual animals
- Any signs of disease
- Particularly, examine faeces, teeth etc…
4. Take some samples
- Blood (trace elements, pepsinogen (parasites))
- Faeces(parasites)
- Feedstuffs
- Remember that lab tests cost money!
36
What is the final step in diagnosis of illthrift issues and how many samples needed form where
```
laboratory diagnosis
- A typical blood profile:
○ Copper (LithHepor Gel)
○ Cobalt (B12) (Serum or plasma)
○ Selenium (GsPX) (Whole Blood)
○ Pepsinogen (Serum)
- How many samples ?
○ How many need to take in order to detect the minority that are deficient if present
○ Test the sick ones (need 3)
§ Should also take from the good looking ones -> to identify whether they need to be treated as well
○ Random samples (need 8-10)
```
37
What are the 3 main steps needed to determine whether there is an illthrift problem
1) set target body weight
- Target weight generally = 85% Mature weight
○ Eg: in a Holstein herd averaging 600kg, the ideal heifer weighs 510kg at calving
2) measuring performance
1. Age at first calving
2. Heifer fertility
3. First calf heifer fertility
4. Production
5. Longevity
3) monitoring weights
- Choose a target weight
- Regular weighing
- Heifers on target app - dairy australia
○ Gives you growth rate required to reach target for joining or pregnancy
38
Define performance, poor performance and how to we assess performance
- What is performance
○ Achieve a certain function at a certain standard
○ A task or operation seen in terms of how successfully it is performed
- What is poor performance
○ Failing to meet the expected standard
- How do we assess performance
○ Assess performance via comparison to a set standard - BENCHMARKING
§ Eg -> milk yield, how fast horse can run
39
Benchmarking what is it, examples of some, benefits and factors that can affect this
○ Evaluate current performance and set realistic goals based on the potential and limitations we identify
§ Animal benchmarks - selective use of one bull over another (progeny performance)
§ Farm benchmarks - beef, milk, fertility
§ Industry benchmarks - mortality rate
○ Benefit: Goal setting, monitoring
○ Factors affecting realistic goals
i. Economics - cost benefits, equity
ii. Emotional - succession planning, attitude to risk
iii. Logistics: labour units, facility design, farm size, time frames
iv. Biological: genetics, animal numbers
40
what the aim of a dairy or beef business and what need to consider
- To produce a product to make money in a sustainable fashion
- Maximise profit by efficiently producing and selling milk, beef and stock
- Motivations?
○ Ethical, welfare
41
In terms of benchmarking what are the types of benchmarking you can do
1) ecnomics
2) genetics
3) fertility
4) mastitis
42
In terms of benchmarking economics what is the main value to look at, what is it and what is important to remember when comparing farms
- EBIT - earnings before interest and tax - can use as a benchmark
○ Is a combination of gross farm income, total variable costs = gross margin
§ Then need to minus the total overhead costs to get EBIT
○ Profit per hectare, per head of animal, per kg of output, per labour unit, per milk solids, per 100ml of rainfall (Stocking rate - ability to compare across areas)
- Profit is the sum of many small parts
- Compare the parts between farms, we can detect inefficiencies
○ NEED TO COMPARE LIKE WITH LIKE
§ Size of herd, breed, goals, product
43
euthanasia intent, technique, why and who
```
Intent:
- To do what is best for the animal
Technique:
- Minimise pain & distress
- Rapid loss of consciousness
- Cardiac and Respiratory arrest
- Loss of brain function
Why?
- Terminal illness, Debility, Welfare,
- Regulatory/Biosecurity, Research…
Who?
- Veterinarian, Farmer, Owner, Public (WHAT, as long as they don't suffer), Police…
```
44
Euthanasia how to perform and the different ways
- Trying to destroy the brainstem
- Barbiturate
- Firearm
- Captive bolt (with 2° method) (only sedative so need to ensure dead)
○ Exsanguination (cut their throats), Pithing, bleed them out
- Calves
○ Blunt trauma (< 24h!)
45
Assessment of death what are the 5 main ones after euthanasia
```
1. Corneal reflex
○ Touch cornea - in death no corneal reflex
2. Pupillary light reflex
○ Absent
3. Jaw muscle tone
○ No resistance (jaw tone)
4. Tongue tone
○ Flaccid
5. Breathing
○ Movement from nostrils and look at the chest
```
46
What is not recommended or acceptable ways to kill an animal
- Shot to anything other than the brain - why police are bad
- Blunt trauma (age dependent)
- Drowning
- Exsanguination
○ Carotids, Aorta
- Intravenous injection of
○ Suxamethonium (paralysis), MgSO4, KCl, (induced heart attack) air, penicillin
○ KCl may be used in under GA and therefore cannot feel - ONLY DONE if want to save the brain for research purposes or diagnostics
- Electrocution
47
What are important considerations for euthanasia
- Be sensitive
- Minimise the number of people around-
- Warn onlookers of what to expect
- The safety of your clients and yourself is your chief concern and responsibility...
○ Everything else comes second
48
Define a firearm, what are the main types
A firearm is:
- “any device… ...which is designed or adapted to discharge shot or a bullet or other missile by the expansion of gases… …or which has the appearance of such a device...”
- Victorian Firearms Act 1966
1) Long-arms
- rifle - shot one pellet
- shotguns - shot lots of pellets (single or double barrel)
2) handguns (short and concealable, lower power, less acurate - more dangerous)
- pistol or revolver
3) greeners humane horse killer - effective but dangerus - NO SAFETY
4) captive bolt
5) dart gun (tranquilizer gun)
49
In terms of rifles what are the 3 main power types and actions
```
- Power
○ Air Rifle - weak not veterinary
○ Rimfire- low power #22 - lots of farms have
○ Centrefire - bigger projectile faster, harder
- Actions
○ Bolt
○ Lever
○ Pump
○ Semi-automatic
○ Automatic
```
50
What are the 4 main types of ammunition
- Bullet
- Blanks - gun power no projectile
- Cartridge - lots of ball bearings come out
- Magazine
51
Captive bolt what are they, regulation and how kill
- Not a handgun, but can look like one
○ Specifically exempted from Victoria Firearms Act
○ Treat like a handgun - MAINTENANCE IS IMPORTANT
- Protrudes a metal rod instead of a free projectile
52
Liscence categories what are they, in general what contain, exemptions and pentalities for breaking
Category A - rifles, shortgun
Category B - firearms
Category C - semi-auto rifles, shotguns, tranquiliser guns
Category D - semi-auto stuff with more rounds
Category E - machine guns, tear guns, grenades
Category H - handguns including air pistols - including replic, imitation and toy firemarms
Exemptions
- Captive bolt guns
○ Also nail guns, flare guns, spearguns
Penalties
- Long-arms
- Handguns
- 120 penalty points - 1 penalty unit = $120
53
Safe handling of guns with DO and DON'T DO
```
- Do
○ Keep firearms unloaded
○ Treat ever gun as if it were loaded
○ Check the gun is unloaded yourself
○ Keep firearms well maintained
○ Pass firearms safely
○ Carry firearms safely
- Don't
○ DO NOT EVER POINT GUN AT ANYONE
○ Don't rely on the safety catch
○ Don't leave a gun standing against a wall
○ Don't climb through fences holding a gun
```
54
Storage and transport of gun in car and in house
```
- In a car:
○ Unloaded, wrapped and secured
○ Across the car
- In a house:
○ Unloaded
○ Locked away
○ Separate from ammunition
○ Separate from bolt
```
55
What need to consider before shot a gun
- Take note of what is behind your target
- What if you miss?
○ Danger zones (= potentially lethal)
.22 = 1500m; .303 = 3600m; Shotgun = 300m
○ What if the projectile goes through the target?
- Consider the possibility of a ricochet
○ Cow and crush, through skull hit crush could go anywhere
- Beware when working close to animals
- Don’t place the muzzle against the target
○ (except for captive bolt guns)
56
Zoonoses what are the 14 main ones
1. Leptospirosis
2. Q fever
3. Anthrax
4. Salmonellosis
5. Campylobacteriosis
6. Pseudocowpox
7. Ringworm
8. Hendra virus
9. Rabies
10. Rift Valley Fever
11. Brucellosis
12. Tuberculosis
13. Cryptosporidiosis
14. Yersiniosis
57
ZOONOSIS - Leptospirosis spread, incubation, signs
- Spread
○ Urine contamination of skin and mucosa
○ Probably not via ingestion
○ Human to human transmission not significant
- Incubation period 4 - 20 days
○ Disconnect when start showing signs and when exposed - hard to trace back with vets
- Signs
○ Headache (+/- meningitis), chills, fever, pharyngitis, myalgia, malaise - REAL ISSUE WITH ZOONOSIS
§ for about a week then a period of defervescence
§ may persist for weeks to months
○ Case fatality < 1%
58
ZOONOSIS - leptospirosis diagnosis, treatment and control
- Diagnosis
○ Serology. Isolation of leptospires from blood/urine
○ Titres of 1:400 + are indicative
- Treatment
○ Antibiotics (doxycycline, penicillin)
○ Intravenous in more severe cases, with hospitalization?
- Control
○ minimise exposure
§ vaccination of animals (no human vaccine)
§ protective clothing, shed hygiene
59
ZOONOSIS - Q fever pathogen, spread, where common and signs with mortality
- Coxiella burnetii (Rickettsia)
- Spread
○ Inhalation of aerosols and dust
○ Human to human spread is rare
- 9 cases in Victoria in 2017 (405 in Aust)
○ predominantly abattoir and farm workers
- Signs
○ Chills, fever, sweating
○ Headache, malaise, myalgia
○ Sometimes coughing, vomiting
○ Maybe endocarditis - long-term sequalae
- Low mortality (< 1%)
60
ZOONOSIS - Q fever diagnosis, treatment and control
- Diagnosis
○ Serology
○ Isolation of C burnetii is hazardous and not recommended
- Treatment
○ Doxycycline
○ Continue treatment after resolution of fever
○ Chronic Q fever may be life threatening die to association with endocarditis
- Vaccine available
○ Purified Killed
○ Blood test and skin test first
○ If both negative, vaccination proceeds
61
ZOONOSIS - campylobacteriosis species, transmission, signs, diagnosis and treatment
- C. jejuni and C. coli
- Ingestion of contaminated food and water - gastrointestinal
- Signs
○ Diarrhoea:
§ “fluid, foul smelling.. often with blood and mucus”
○ Abdominal pain, fever, headache and nausea
- Diagnosis
○ Faecal culture
○ (but a common gut inhabitant of humans)
- Treatment
○ Antibiotics if severe, but usually symptomatic
62
ZOONOSIS - Parapoxvirus what from, results in, transmission, incubation, signs and treatment
- Pseudocowpox - virus
- Milker’s Nodule
- Papular stomatitis
- Transmission
○ Handling cattle
§ Teats of cows
§ Mouths of calves
○ Enters broken skin
- Incubation period of 3 - 10 days
- Signs
○ Initial dark red papule, then an eschar (like a deep burn) or a vesicle
○ Possibly secondary bacterial infection
○ Little if any pain, but may be itchy
- Heal spontaneously, usually without scarring
63
ZOONOSIS - Brucellosis main species, trnasmission from, signs, diagnosis and treatment
- Brucella abortus - eradicated
- Aborted foetuses, placentae, vaginal discharges, faeces, raw flesh and milk
- Penetrate skin, conjunctiva, respiratory and GI tracts
- “Undulant fever” - similar to malaria
- Abrupt or insidious onset of chills, pyrexia and sweating, aches and pains
- Diagnosis
○ Blood culture
○ Serology
- Treatment
○ Recovery occurs within 3 - 6 months, but may go for longer
○ Antibiotic treatment (tetracyclines) shortens the disease
64
ZOONOSIS - tuberculosis what also called, species, eradicated in, endemic, transmission and signs
also called consumption in olden days
- Mycobacterium bovis
- Eradicated in cattle in Australia NOT in New Zealand (possums carriers)
- Endemic in Africa, Malaysia, Asia
- Transmissible through unpasteurised milk
- Signs
○ Chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss
○ Non-pulmonary signs also possible
65
ZOONOSIS - cryptosporidosis transmission, signs and treatment
- Faeco-Oral route
- Usually mild, but may be life threatening if immuno-suppressed
- Signs
○ watery diarrhoea with abdominal cramps
- Treat symptomatically
66
ZOONOSIS - Yersiniosis pathogen, signs and treatment
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- Yersinia enterocolitica
○ (many serovars)
- Enteric disease
○ acute watery diarrhoea, fever, headache, pharyngitis, anorexia, vomiting
○ other sequelae possible
- 2-3 week disease, but shed for up to 3 months if untreated (tetracyclines)
67
Regulatory veterinary medicine what does it involve
```
- Quarantine and Inspection of Animals
○ Importation
○ Being transported or managed domestically
- Surveillance of Disease
○ Detection of Exotic Disease
○ Monitoring of Endemic Disease
- Enforcement of Animal Welfare Laws
```
68
Who is involved in regulatory veterinary medicine
- Regulatory Veterinary Authorities
- Registered Veterinary Practitioners
○ including Non-Government Veterinary Practitioners
- International - OIE
- National (federal) government - Department of agriculture and water resources
- State Governments
• Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (Vic)
§ Within agriculture Victoria - have Victorian chief veterinary officer - in charge of regulatory veterinary medicine within VIC
- local governments
69
Who is the head of regulatory veterinary medicine in australia and their role
§ Chief Veterinary officer -> primary representative and advisor to the Australian Government in all matters relating to the maintenance and improvement of Australian animal health status and the systems that support it
70
How are local governments involved in veterinary regulatory medicine
○ Local Councils
§ Under the authority of State Government
§ Animal Registration
§ Animal Management and Control
□ Strays, Nuisance, Dangerous...
○ Registration of animal businesses
§ Pet shops, Shelters, Boarding Kennels, Vet Practices etc
71
Who is being regulated with regulatory veterinary medicine
```
○ Veterinarians - veterinary practice act
○ Animal Industries
§ People
§ Animals
○ The Public
```
72
In terms of national level of regulatory veterinary medicine what department roles and other group involved
National (Federal) Government
- Dept of Agriculture & Water Resources
○ aka “DAWR”
• Importing to Australia
• Exporting from Australia
• Pests, Diseases & Weeds
APAV - Accreditation Program for Australian Veterinarians
- Animal Health Australia
- Able to get certifications to perform certain roles
○ Does cost money to be apart of
73
In terms of state level regulatory veterinary medicine what acts are important and what else is important
1) acts
- Domestic animals act
○ Gives local counsel to register dog, sexing requirements, pick up strays
- Prevention of cruelty to animals act
○ All public involved
- Veterinary practice act
- Livestock disease control act
- Livestock disease control regulations (2017)
- Agriculture veterinary chemicals usage act
2) Notifiable Diseases in Victoria - different lists based on different states
3) Australian animal welfare standards guidelines
- Codes of practice
- Appropriate ways for euthansia
74
In terms of notifiable disease in vic what are the 3 main categories and when need to notify
Part A
- Diseases of Mammals and Birds (notify immediately)
- Diseases of Mammals and Birds (notify within 12h or 7 days)
- Exotic Diseases of Mammals and Birds (notify immediately)
Part B
- Diseases of Bees (notify with 12h or 7 days)
- Exotic diseases of Bees (notify immediately)
Part C
- Diseases of Fish, Molluscs and Amphibians (notify within 12h or 7 days)
- Exotic Diseases of Fish, Molluscs and Amphibians (notify immediately)
75
what are the 3 main considerations for antibiotic use in livestock
1. appropriate
○ choice, route, dose, frequency and duration
○ Cost, withholding periods, ease/safety of administration
2. prudent
○ minimise development of resistance
○ avoid over-use of any antibiotic
○ especially those of last resort in humans
3. food safety
○ residues in meat and milk
○ Anaphylactic shock from penicillin
76
In terms of livestock antibiotics what is different considerations to small animals
- Different routes of administration (intra-uterine, intramammary)
- Different reasons for prescription (prevention vs treatment)
- Withholding periods
- Export Slaughter Intervals (ESIs)
- Herd vs individual animal treatment
- Registered products and off-label use
77
Prescribing antibiotics what regulated by, what is a veterinary chemical product and when can we prescribe antibiotics
- Regulated by Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994
○ commonly called the “AgvetCode”
- Veterinary Chemical Product- any product used to
○ prevent, diagnose, cure, or alleviate a disease, condition, or infestation by a pest in an animal, or
○ to modify the physiology of the animal to to alter its natural development, productivity, quality or reproductive capacity, or to make it more manageable
○ to modify the effect of another veterinary product.
- State veterinary acts allow registered veterinarians to prescribe antibiotics
○ to animals under their care
○ subject to label directions
○ Off-label rights vary
○ MUST follow restraints and specific directions
78
What are the 3 main withholding periods that you need to consider with antibitoics and define
- Milk withholding period
○ Minimum period between last treatment and when milk taken from a cow can be used for human consumption
○ If a calf drinks milk within its withholding period, then the meat withholding period of the drug applies to the calf.
- Meat withholding period
○ Minimum time between last treatment and when meat can be slaughtered for human consumption
- Export Slaughter Interval (ESI)
○ Minimum time between last treatment and when meat can be slaughtered for human consumption for animals intended for export
○ Most offal is exported!
79
What are the 6 main common antibiotics found for livestocks
1. Penicillins
2. Macrolides
3. Aminoglycosides
4. Tetracyclines
5. Sulfonamides
6. Metranidazole
80
List the antibitoics gram positive, gram negative, broad spectrum and beef only antibiotics
```
- Gram Positive
○ Penicillins
○ Macrolides
- Gram negative
○ Aminoglycosides
- Broad spectrum
○ Tetracyclines
○ 4thgen cephalosporins
○ (Aminopenicillins)
- Beef only antibiotics
○ There a couple of beef only (mostly long acting) antibiotics
○ Feedlot medicine for respiratory disease mainly
```
81
Penicillins spectrum, cost, administration, WHP, main indications and 3 main types
- gram positive
- Long acting (benzathine)
- Short acting (procaine)
- Cheapest antibiotic (~$5/dose)
- IM only
- No significant udder penetration
- Short meat WHP (short acting)
- Most common indications:
○ Footrot
Types
1) penethamate Hydriodide
2) amoxycillin
3) cloxacillin
82
Penethamate Hydriodide type of antibiotic, spectrum, what does it do and main indications
```
- gram positive
○ Metabolized to penicillin
○ “ion trapping” in udder (lungs)
§ Very high udder and lung concentrations
○ Must be mixed up every time
○ ~$17/dose
○ Main indications:
§ Mastitis
```
83
Amoxycillin spectrum, type of antibiotic, WHP and common indications
penicillin
○ Various trade names
○ Some Gram–ve activity
○ Double cost of penicillin
○ Long meat WHP - 28 days - MOST HAVE THIS
○ Most common indications:
§ Calf problems (espcalf diphtheria, diarrhoea, pneumonia)
84
Cloxacillin spectrum, type of antibiotic, administration, indications
```
penicillin
○ Gram + ve only
○ Intramammary and intraocular
○ Not injectable or oral
○ Ideal for Streps and Staphs
○ Not ideal for E. coli
```
85
Macrolides antibiotics what are the 2 main types, what do they penetrate, indications, spectrum, administration
1) Erythromycin - gram positive
○ Acetone based (ouch!)
○ Ion trapping as well as penethamate - high amounts in lungs and udder
○ Mastitis
○ Not used much - can be used for footrot in sheep
○ Deep IM only
2) Tylosin
○ Broader spectrum (Mycoploasma, other gram –ve’s)
○ Ion trapping - like penethamate - just use this
○ Indications include mastitis, metritis, respiratory disease
○ Approxcost 2 x penicillin
○ IM or IV
86
Gram negative antibiotics in cattle and the combinations with uses
```
None available for cattle!
- Gentamycin cannot be used in food producing animals
Gram –ve combination
- Neopen
- Neomycin + Penicillin combination
- IM only
- “Broad spectrum” and bactericidal (good when not good access to pathogen)
- Main uses:
○ Peritonitis
○ Post abdominal surgery
○ Pneumonia
○ Skin wounds
```
87
Oxytetracycline spectrum, ESI, acting, types, how common, cost, administration and uses
- broad spectrum
- Different brands
- ALL oxytet-products except Alamycin10 have a 90 day ESI (Oct 2015)
- Short and long acting
- Oil and water based
- Most commonly used broad spectrum antibiotic
- Similar $ (or slightly more) than penicillin
- IM or IV
- Most common uses:
○ Everything!
○ Mastitis, metritis, respiratory disease, Salmonellosis …
88
Sulfonomides spectrum, strength, cost and 3 main indications
```
Broad spectrum except streps”
- Different strengths
○ IV ones are half the strength of the IM ones !
- Cost = 3x penicillin
- Main indications
○ Coccidiosis(esp - sulfadimidine)
○ Salmonellosis (where Oxytetresistant)
○ Toxic mastitis (IV –good for Staph and E.coli)
```
89
Ceftiofur what type of antibiotic, importance, WHP, cost, indications and what must not used for
(3rdgeneration cephalosporin) - MINIMISE USE - broad spectrum
- Ready to use and “powder for injection” forms
- (“ Excede” = beef only long acting form)
- No milk WHP, 1 day meat WHP - WHY ALL VETS LOVE
- Expensive! (~9x penicillin)
- Registered for respiratory infections only
- Off label uses (need a good reason):
○ footrot
- resistant salmonella
- Must not use in calves for sale
90
What are the 4 main beef only antibiotics
1) draxxin
2) micotil
3) nuflor
4) sodide
91
Draxxin what also called, what used in, main indications
- beef only antibiotics
- “convenia” for cows
- Single long acting administration
- Respiratory disease in beef cattle
- Seminal vesiculitis in bulls - only thing that works
92
Micotil main antibiotic, what for, indications and main importance
- beef only antibiotic
- Tilmycosin –another long acting macrolide
- Pneumonia in feedlot cattle
- Accidental human administration can be fatal
- Our clinic does not stock it!
93
Nuflor and sodide main example, what type of antibiotic and indications
```
- beef only antibiotic
Nuflor
- Florfenicol
- Another longish acting beef feedlot
- Respiratory disease
- Our clinic does not stock it …
Sodide…
- Not really an antibiotic as such
- Used instead of antibiotics in
○ woody tongue
○ ringworm in valuable animals
```
94
Injectable antibiotics what are the 2 main gram positive and 4 main braod spectrum
```
- Gram Positive:
○ Penicillin (penethamate, amoxicillin)
○ Aminoglycosides (Erythromycin, tylosin)
- Broad Spectrum
○ Neomycin/Penicillin combination
○ Oxytetracycline
○ Potentiated sulphonamides
○ Ceftiofur
```
95
oral antibiotics what age, main uses and the 5 main ones and what used for
- treatment of calves only
- Main uses:
○ Individual treatment of calf scours
○ Mass medication for scours or respiratory disease
- Examples
- Trimidine (sulphadimidine/trimethoprim)
§ Coccidiosis
§ Calf scours
- Oxytetracycline powder - can give in milk
§ Calf scours
§ Respiratory disease outbreaks
- Apramycin
§ A macrolide with activity against enterobacteiaciae
§ Occasional use in calf scours resistant to other drugs
- Calf scour tablets
§ Neosulcin
§ Streptosulcin
§ “Shot gun” therapy
§ Multiple antibiotics
§ Residue risks from contaminated equipment
§ Easy to store
§ ? Less OHS risks than injectibles
- Sourban
§ Shot gun therapy!
§ Antibiotics, electrolytes, energy, binding agents
§ Popular with farmers - large risk for residues though
§ Significant residue risk–contaminated equipment
96
Parenteral antibiotics when use except for
ALWAYS preferable in my opinion!
| - Possible exception is apramycinin the face of multi-resistant Salmonella)
97
Intra-uterine antibiotics what are the 2 main ones and what used for
1) Pessaries
- Foaming oxytetracycline boluses
- Use is controversial
- Acute septic metritis with no systemic signs - gets better on its own
2) Metricure
- Cephapyrin(1stGen cephalosporin)
- Intra uterine treatment via catheter
- Treatment of endometritis
- No milk WHP
98
Intra-ocular antibiotics what are the 2 main ones, acting duration and prescription
- Powders and sprays (Oxytetracycline-based)
- Ouch! - animal welfare issue
- Short acting
- non-prescription
- Ointments (cloxacillin-based)
- Longer acting (48 hour treatment interval)
- Require prescription
99
Intramammary antibiotics what are the 3 main ones
- Lactating products
- Dry Cow Therapy Products
- Teat Sealant Products
100
Lactating antibiotic products decision on which one based on what and what else is important
- Decision based on such things as
- Cow is sick ( iecow has systemic signs)?
§ Likely S. aureus, E. coli, (possibly Pseudomonas, B. cereus …)
§ Need parenteral broad spectrum
- Cow not sick
§ Likely Staph or Strep
§ Gram positive antibiotic probably best (cloxacillin)
§ Choose a duration of action based on history (eghow long calved)
- Also WHPs are important
§ meat WHP varies 7-28 days
101
Antibiotic sensitivity testing issues when/would you use for mastitis, calf scours and respiratory infections
- Problems with in-vitro vs in-vivo relationship
- With milk and faeces, the bacteria tested may not be representative
- Mastitis
- Cloxacillin resistance in staphs not found in Australia
- Streps highly variable
- Calf Scours
- Good for population monitoring
- Poor relationship between therapeutics and sensitivity reported
- Lots of people still do it though !
- Respiratory infections
- Mixed infections
- Can’t get to site for pure sample
102
What is Halocur and Baycox and what used for
anti-microbial
1. Halocur (Halofuginone)
- Treatment/prevention of cryptosporidiosis
- Better to prevent calf scours using colostrum, housing and hygiene…
2. Baycox (Toltazuril)
- Treatment/prevention of coccidiosis
- Single very long acting dose
- Long ESI
