Pig 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main issue with skin diseases in pigs
A
Downgrading penalty
- 6% + trim loss
- Applies to all carcasses with skin removed
- SKIN IS COSTLY IF IMPACT ON QUALITY OF MEAT
2
Q
What are 6 important questions to ask when you know pigs have a skin condition
A
- What is it?
- How will it affect my pigs?
○ Decreased feed intake
○ Decreased growth
○ Reduced feed efficiency -> feed is the biggest cost in pig farms so IMPORTANT
○ Variation in growth rate
○ Death - Will I lose $$?
○ Carcass downgrade
○ Condemns - Can I catch it?
- How do I treat it?
- How do I prevent it spreading to other pigs and/or happening again?
3
Q
Bite wounds why significant, control/prevention and treatment
A
- Skin is important as it isn’t removed in the abattoir
• Control/Prevention - Clip needle teeth
- Minimise fostering -> more move around more fight
- Milk supply crucial -> if not milking piglets fighting more
• Treatment - Antibiotics – Penicillin….Trimethoprim Sulpha
- Anti-inflammatories – Flunixin, Metacam, Tolfedine
- Antiseptic
- Udder cream
4
Q
Flystrike what attracted to, treatment and prevention
A
- Attracted to wounds or skin soiled by urine or droppings
• Treatment: Remove maggots, clean wounds using an insecticidal cream or powder
• Prevention -> Fly control: traps, fly papers, improve hygiene
5
Q
Greasy pig disease what is it caused by, transmitted, what age and diagnosis
A
- Staph hyicus
- Transmitted from sow to piglets during lactation
- More common in gilt litters
- Pre & post-weaning - tends to start
- More likely to occur if there is excessive fighting
- Can be transmitted by biting flies
- Diagnosis -> swab under scab -> pure culture
6
Q
Greasy pig disease control/prevention and treatment
A
• Control/Prevention - Beware gilt litters - Rough floors/equipment - Reduce fighting - Liquid feed weaners • Treatment - Antibiotics – Penicillin, potentiated sulphonamides - Anti-inflammatories – Flunixin, Metacam, Tolfedine - Antiseptic - topically - Udder cream
7
Q
Pityriasis/pig pox how common, transmission, control/prevention and treatment
A
- Rare and transmitted by mosquitoes • Control/Prevention - Improve hygiene - Control biting insects • Treatment - Usually not needed - Iodine - Antibiotics for secondary infections
8
Q
Ringworm in pigs what are the main species, where is lesions, diagnosis, zoonosis and control
A
- Microsporum nannum, M. canis, Trycophyton verrucosum
- Lesions often behind ears, on neck, flanks
- Small circles extend to larger with dark, crusts
- Diagnosis: Deep skin scraping, hair follicles, histo -> Fungal culture
- ZOONOSIS -> important to tell farmer -> infected through close contact with infected pigs
• Control: clean up fungacidal; iodine in oil 1:1 -> can also just go away
9
Q
Mange in pigs what is the species, clinical signs, epidemiology of mites and diagnosis
A
Sarcoptes scabei var suis
- Clinical signs/effects
○ Decrease ADG (average daily gain) by 5-10g/d, pigs rub
○ Encrustation in ear, skin thickens
○ Dermatitis evident at slaughter -> ITCHY -> financial penalties
- Mites burrow into skin inside the EAR…lay eggs which hatch and larvae mature in about 10-14 days
- Mites don’t survive off host
- Diagnosis: Examine ear wax; skin scrapings may be negative
10
Q
Mange in pigs control products, when to treat and aim for eradication
A
- Products:
○ Injections-Dectomax (longer duration of action); Ivomectin
○ Pour-ons-Taktic
○ Sprays-Taktic EC
○ Feed -> noramectin - Control if you must-treat sows pre-farrowing & piglets at weaning
○ Prevent transmission from sows to piglets
○ Boars every 6 months - Aim for eradication
○ If treat ALL the pigs at the same time for a long duration (dectomax) to ensure all mites die off host before end of duration
§ Finisher pigs do not give dectomax as 35 day withholding -> just spray
○ Need to inspect ears of the pigs and if gunky then cull those pigs -> act as carriers
11
Q
Lice in pigs diagnosis, effects and treatment
A
- Large and easy to see – usually on head and neck & between the legs
- Cause skin irritation, scratching
- Treat with insecticidal sprays
12
Q
Abscesses when can occur and treatment
A
- Care with needling pigs
- Promptly treat wounds
• Treatment: - Antibiotics - amoxicillin
- If soft - cut with sharp blade & clean with water & disinfectant
- Fly repellent
13
Q
What are the 4 main skin conditions causing different skin colours
A
- Erysipelas (diamond skin disease)
- Fever
- Sunburn
- Ergot poisoning
14
Q
Erysipelas what is the pathogen, significance, and clinical signs
A
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
- ZOONOTIC -> rarely leads to milk skin condition (entry through skin abrasions)
- Clinical signs
○ Per-acute: sudden death
○ Acute: septicemia, fever with diamond skin lesions, abortions
○ Chronic: arthritis
○ Carcass damage!!!
15
Q
Erysipelas pathogenesis and predisposing causes
A
- Pathogenesis
○ 30-50% of pigs carry the organism- tonsils -> always present
○ Long survival in soil-ecoshelters - dirt floors
○ Entry via GI tract or tonsil
○ Dx: signs & culture
○ Zoonosis - Predisposing cause- environmental stresses
○ Fatigue
○ Nutrition changes
○ Temperature
○ Failure to vaccinate
16
Q
Pig farm vaccination strategy
A
- Before joining (22weeks) -> Parvo, lepto and erysipelas
- 26 weeks -> booster of above + possible E.coli vaccination
Joined at 30 weeks of age, farrow at 46 weeks - 3 weeks before farrow booster of all again (including E.coli)
- So booster every 6 months -> boost piglet antibodies from mum
17
Q
Erysipelas control/prevention and treatment
A
• Control/Prevention
- Always vaccinate sows -> all farmers will vaccinate
○ If in growers then need to vaccinate these as well
§ Consider vaccination of progeny.
- Strategic use of in-feed medication.
- Re-infection a problem (esp. ecoshelters)
• Treatment
- Penicillin by injection to sick pigs.
- Anti-inflammatory for the arthritic pain.
- Amoxycillin (off-label), tylosin, tetracycline in water for 3 days. May need to increase dose to compensate for poor consumption (eg. Amoxycillin 10-30mg/kg).
18
Q
Porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome clinical signs and prevention
A
- Clinical signs ○ Pale kidney and enlarged ○ Oedema of the limbs ○ Fever non-specific sign § Diarrhoea, respiratory disease, ○ Can look like erysipelas - Commercial vaccines give at 3 weeks of ages
19
Q
Ergot poisoning what caused by, results in
A
- Caused by fungal contamination of food
- Results in dead skin on feet, tips of ears and tail
- Feed fresh, non-moldy feed
20
Q
Zinc deficiency how common in pigs, effects, differential diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment
A
- Uncommon - Zinc omitted from premix or XS Ca competes
- Thickened skin, subacute inflammatory change, incomplete keratinisation
- DDx: mange
- Dx: serum Zn, Histopath, response to Zn
- Tx: restore Zn
21
Q
What are 4 main ways to diagnose pig skin infections
A
1/ Previous experience 2/ Other signs ○ Erysipelas ○ Mange 3/ Response to treatment ○ Antibiotics ○ Increased zinc ○ Replace feed (Ergot/Zinc) ○ Remove antibiotics (scald) 4/ Lab tests ○ Skin biopsy ○ Skin swab for culture (greasy pig, erysipelas ○ Examination of ear wax (mange
22
Q
What is the goal of a farrowing house and 4 ways to achieve this
A
What are we trying to achieve?
- . A maximimum & consistant number of good quality, appropriate-weight piglets weaned per week !
- Provide an environment where sows are weaned in optimal condition for re-breeding
• Q. How do we achieve this 1.. By minimising stillbirths…more piglets born alive
2. By minimising piglet mortalities
3. By optimising lactation performance (weaning weight >8kg at 4 weeks old).
4. By managing sow feeding and care.
23
Q
Farrowing shed performance targets, born alive, weaned, lactation length, weaning to service
A
- Born alive -> 11
- Weaned -> 10
- Lactation length:~21-28 d - weaning length - longer increase weaning weight
- Weaning to service: ~6 d
○ On heat within 7 days of weaning
24
Q
Record keeping in the farrowing shed what is important to keep at record of
A
- Sow ID
- Sow history
- Sow events:
○ farrowing date
○ treatments
○ interventions
○ feed intake - Piglet events:
○ totalborn, born alive, stillbirths, mummies
○ fosters on and off
○ deaths
○ treatments
○ weaning age
○ (weaning weight) - This is considered for culling as well as monitoring the next farrowing
25
what are the 3 main importance of stockpersons
```
- Supervise farrowing sows
○ Stillbirths
○ Overlays
- Care for sows
○ Identify sick sows & treat
○ Daily monitoring (feed & water)
- Care for piglets
○ Compromised
```
26
What is done to the pigs before farrowing
- Come in about 5 days before farrowing
- Check number of functional teats and udder access -> can you get colostrum out of all of the teats
○ Important as this is how many piglets can raise -> if more born need to move to another pig
27
Farrowing induction why done, what used, when used, OHS and the steps
- Synchronize farrowing
○ supervision to reduce stillbirths and/or PWDths
○ AIAO farrowing rooms
- PG or synthetic analogues
○ Lutalyse
○ Estrumate (not regd pigs-cattle, horses)
- Not proper synchronisation just induce farrowing
- Not < 112 days gestation
- OH&S-pregnant women or asthmatics
- IM or ½ dose if given IVulva
○ Split dosing best -2 shots 8am & 2pm on Day 114 > 75% of sows farrowed in working hours next day
- Synchronisation -> If give 7am PG and then oxytocin 24 hours later -> will farrow straight away -> will increase risk of stillbirth
28
Pig stillbirths what are 3 main characteristics that indicate piglet died during farrowing
1. Floating the lungs in a bucket -> know took a breathe
2. If meconium is present likely to be stressed during farrowing so stillbirth
3. Tips on the pigs feet (slippers or snow shoes) if walked around will have been removed)
29
Stillbirths prevention and risk factors
- Prevention
○ Observe farrowing esp. older parity
○ Cull sows with excessive history of SBs >30%
○ Cool sows in summer -> drip coolers
○ Don’t over-feed in gestation
○ Do manual examination if there are delays of 45 min
○ Judicious oxytocin 5 I U (will not move stuck pigs)
- Risk factors
○ Anything that makes the parturition go longer -> older, fatter, larger litter sizes, dystocia
30
What is involved in the manual examination of a sow
Train the staff to do this
Place calving glove and lots of lube
Skinny long arms
Ensure check both uterine horns for piglets
Give 1ml oxytocin IM after remove piglets
31
What are the 2 main things piglets need when born and how to achieve
1. Energy -> so reduce the loss of energy on warming themselves -> give warming lamps, ensure not chilled
○ Require about 38 degrees when come out of the sow
○ TOUGH -> because sows want about 20 degrees
2. Colostrum
32
Colostrum what is it, composition, when absorbed,
- First milk let down post farrowing
- Rich in antibodies and energy -> needed as not getting antibodies during gestation
- Produced continuously until afterbirth expelled
- Only absorbed first 24 hours -> Vital for piglet survival
33
Colostrum what is important principles to get all piglets to get colostrum and what if piglet doesn't get enough by itself
- Ensure small pigs suckle -> larger piglets generally on the front teats (get more colostrum and less likely to get
- Timing of fostering is critical -> pecking order generally occurring within first 2-3 days so ensure done within this period otherwise increase fighting and sow will become stressed and reduce let down
- Weaker piglets less chance
- Split sucking -> rotate the piglets around on the teat within the first 24 hours so all get colostrum from mum if too many piglets and not enough functional teats
○ Can also milk colostrum from sows, manually or breast pump, freeze and thaw in hot water for piglets
§ Stomach tube the piglets if giving colostrum (20-30mls)
34
What are the 4 steps in the milking sequence for sows and how much do they produce per day
1. Hungry piglets initiate letdown or tight udder sow calls to piglets
2. They gather at the udder, find their teat and stimulate the udder
3. The sow grunts more frequently- oxytocin
4. She lets down for 10-20 seconds every hour
○ Important for the piglet to be on the teat at this point -> cannot be weak, sick, lame as will then miss milk for another hour -> further weak
- Production: about 12 L per day (1L/piglet)
35
What are 5 factors that influence how good sows are at looking after piglets
```
1. Body condition
○ Over-fat > stillbirths, poor milkers
○ Too lean > pressure sores
2. Parity
○ Gilts>infectious diarrhoea -> less protection in their colostrum
§ E.coli and diarrhoea
○ Older gals >increased piglet birthweight variation; more stillbirths & overlays; blind teats
3. Past history
○ Stillbirths, mothering ability
4. Enough functional teats
5. Immunocompetence – E coli vaccination
```
36
Management of heat for the piglets what is needed
```
- Heat lamps
○ Ideally
○ 2 lamps at birth
○ Movable
○ 175 watt lamp
○ Correct height
○ Mats in creep area
○ Covered creeps
○ Judge by piglet lying pattern
```
37
Metritis in sows signs and treatment
```
- Signs:
○ Off white, blood stained, or custard coloured discharge
○ More than 3 days post-farrowing
- Treatments:
○ Oxytocin and antibiotics
```
38
Septicaemia in sows signs and treatment
```
- Signs:
○ Red to purple colour to skin
○ No appetite, fever, reluctant to move
- Treatments:
○ Broad spectrum antibiotic.
○ Anti-inflammatories
```
39
Piglet diseases what are the main ones
- Trauma/overlays (40-55% of deaths)
- Small and or weak (15-25%)
- Starvation and chilled (5-10%)
- Abnormalities (splays, blind rectum 3%)
- Scours (5%)
- Systemic ie arthritis, pneumonia etc (5%)
- Can be a combination of causes
○ overlay
○ starvation
○ low viability
40
Overlays what is it a major cause of, primary and secondary causes and prevention
- Major cause of preweaning deaths
- Primary overlays-piglet in the wrong place at the wrong time!
- Secondary overlays-to some other condition
- Important to differentiate the 2
Prevention
- Cold piglets
- Crate design-not enough “escape room” for piglets
- Restless sows
○ Sick sows
○ Low water availability
○ Stockpersons disruptive
○ Feeding practices
Piglet illnes
41
What are the at risk piglets and what result in and treatment options
```
Small pigs <800 grams - low chance of survival
- Hypothermic
- Poor competitors
- Poor teat or can’t reach
- Rx:
○ Crib & bottle/tube feed
○ Foster to a nurse sow
§ Ensure the piglets being fostered have no more than 10 pigs on the one sow
```
42
What is the tole of the cribs in the farrowing house
- Safe, warm, place
- Piglets are protected against chilling and crushing
- Disadvantaged piglets all together
○ feeding is quicker
- Improves the survival rates of at-risk-piglets
43
Neonatal anaemia why ocurr, what day start, treatment, signs and causes if Fe administered
- No access to dirt so limited iron -> NEED TO SUPPLEMENT IN INDOOR SYSTEM -> iron injection within the first 5 days
- Fe deficient can start at 10d
- Fe sources - soil, parenteral (200mg), oral drenches
- DX: Pale, laboured breathing
- Causes of anaemia if Fe administered
○ Vitamin K or C deficiency
○ Wood shavings (preservatives-pentachlorophenol)
44
What are 3 important things to do to manage sows for re-breeding
```
- Minimise weight loss in lactation:
○ <12 kg as target
○ Ad-libitum feeding
○ Diet specifications/ingredients/form
○ Water quantity/access/quality
- Early intervention/treatments
- Wean at 21 days +
```
45
What are some risk factors for shoulder sores (5)
* Lame sows
* Thin sows
* Hard floors
* Wet skin
* Good milkers
46
Replacement gilts how much of the herd, where from, selected at what age, what weight and how much area is needed
- about 10% of the herd at any one time
- Bred on farms or bought from specific breeders (selected for characteristics associated with growth, feed efficiency and carcasses characteristics)
- Selected at 20 weeks of age
- Provide 2m^2 per gilt -> overcrowding and high temperatures BAD
- 130Kg (will have variation within the herd, larger animals will have higher maintenance needs, problems first lactation and generally more lameness issues), 210 days at mating
47
What farrowing rate is needed and what is used to increase detection, how many times per day and how achieved
- Farrowing rate usually about 70%, if run properly 90% can be achieved
- Use vasectomised boars or mature boars to help with detection. 10mins 2 times per day
○ Some use synthetic progestagens (regumate - once remove animals cycle within 4 days) to synchronise oestrus in gilts
§ Used to get predictable number of gilts
○ CAN ALSO USE -> Using PG 600 (FSH/LH) to induce oestrus for gilts that have not cycled within 3 weeks of exposure to the boar
§ Not a good approach, even less effective than natural mating IN THE SUMMER PERIOD
48
What age are gilts bred, how to get a predictable number of gilts and what issues arise
○ 30 weeks -> mated on their SECOND heat (litter size increases, 1/2 to 1 pig mated after pubertal heat (1st heat))
- Predictable number of gilts -> 30-40% of herd needs to be culled each year for genetic gain and also to cull for lameness
- Problems -> poor stimulation of oestrus, lameness (increase overlaying, decrease intake of feed, decrease performance), failure to come on heat
49
What is the relationship between parity and average born alive per litter
Parity -> maximum at 3,4,5 amount born alive per litter than starts to decline
50
What is the best time around ovulation for insemination to get the best fertilisation rate
0-16 hours before ovulation
51
Reproductive events where does fertilization occur, emrbyo migrate where, by what day, when does pregnancy signal occur how and how to stop pregnancy
- Fertilization occurs in the oviduct
- The embryo migrate to the uterus
○ By Day 11 they are equally spread
- The signal for pregnancy, oestrone sulphate, is given by day 9-11 and again between days 15-30
- PGF2alpha - produced in endometrium in non-pregnant sow goes to ovary via ovarian-uterine vessels
○ In pregnant animal gets stuck in endometrium
52
Pregnancy how many embryos needed, foetal calcification what day, how to pregnancy check, foetal immuncompetence from what day and overall duration of pregnancy
- Four embryos to maintain pregnancy
- Foetal calcification by about 30 days - allows age identification of foetus helping with infectious disease investigation
- Pregnancy check (ultrasound at 30d)
- Foetal immunocompetence from day 70 -> able to combat some infectious diseases via mounting immune response -> can detect IgG in foetal tissues
- Duration of pregnancy 115 days
53
What are the 9 main reproductive problems
1. Gilts not cycling -> lack of boar exposure, increase overcrowding, season
2. 21 day returns -> seasonal, handling of semen, fertility of the boars
3. Out of sequence returns
4. Low farrowing rate -> SEASON -> assuming management is good
5. Abortions -> 2% abortions is normal
6. Not in pig
7. Low litter size
8. Stillbirths
9. Long weaning to remating intervals
54
What are the 4 main causes of poor reproductive performance
- Sows and gilts can be anoestrus in summer and early autumn (may only cycle for 12 hours) - SEASON
- Gilts need to mature boar exposure to assist the rapid onset of puberty
- Poor space allowance compromises oestrus detection
- Feeding during lactation and intake around puberty affect later performance
55
What are 3 main ways to increase % sows bred by 7 days after weaning
1. Check feeding levels
2. Check space allowance (2m^2/sow) after weaning
3. Use FSH/LH combinations (PG600 or PMSG) at weaning for parity one sows
56
What month is farrowing rate the worst and how to overcome this
June lowest farrowing rate -> mated in February - WHEN HOT
- To overcome seasonal factors increase the number of sows mated
- But just check space allowance is OK and that cooling systems are in place
57
What are the 4 steps in AI techniques
1. Heat check
2. Sow in head to head contact with boars
3. Insert catheter into the cervix
4. Attach semen bottle and let the sow "suck" in the semen
58
Post-cervical AI vs normal AI
- Post cervical AI reduces semen dose and decreases boar stud load
○ Increases capacity to spread high value genes further
59
Procedure for collection and storage of semen
- Collection: gloved hand -> boar ejaculates 80-300m, 20-120 X 10^9 sperm
- Insemination: need min 80ml 2-4 billion sperm
- Extender: stored for 5-7 days at 15-18 degrees
- AI semen survives 24 hours, eggs survive 8 hours
60
What are the 9 main reasons for poor AI fertilisation rates
1. Heat detection and timing
2. Frozen semen (gilts) -> generally not used
3. Old semen
4. Storage temperature 15-18degrees
5. Collection procedure (temp and hygiene)
6. Addition of extender slowly (45mins) at 35 degrees
7. Inseminator skill and patience
8. Dose: less than 2.5x10^9 sperm
9. Volume (min 80mL)
61
What are the 6 main reproductive diseases that result in reproductive failure
1) classical swine fever
2) porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome
3) porcine myocarditis
4) erysipelas
5) porcine circovirus type 2
6) porcine parvovirus
62
in terms of dead fetuses when well they be absorbed, and how to determine age of death
First infection - after 30 days -> if before calcification will just resorb
Crown rump length -> measured to determine the age of death
63
Porcine parvovirus what occurs, how many gilts can be affected, general duration, clinical signs and prevention
- 30-40% of gilts affected -> highly infectious
- PBA decreased
- Stillbirths/litter unaffected
- Some sows failed to farrow
- Duration 12 weeks
- Clinical signs -> subclinical to clinical, abortions, still births, weak neonates
- VACCINATE
64
Porcine myocarditis what type of virus, what results in
- Pestivirus
- An example of a viral disease infecting sows in mid gestation with consequent effect of neonates
- Increase in mummies, stillbirths AND NEONATAL DEATHS
65
Diagnostic principles for reproductive failure in sows
- Serology: get plenty (10 virals)
○ Snare the pigs, find the jugular groove, located the point of the sternum, stick site about 2-3cm cranial to the point of the sternum, direct the needle towards the top and midway along the neck
- Foetal fluids - thorax/heart blood for IgG (after foetus age 70 day)
- Histopathology - foetus and placenta
- Virus isolation, PCR, or hemagglutination (HA), culture (foetal stomach, liver)
- Record analysis - season and parity
- Response to vaccines in gilts
66
What are the 8 main infertility disease for pigs in Australia
1) Leptospirosis
2) erysipelas - most common
3) porcine myocarditis
4) cogenital tremors
5) porcine parvovirus
6) menangle
7) encephalomyocarditis
8) porcine circovirus type 2
67
What are the 2 main infertility diseases for pigs not found in aus
1) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
| 2) classical swine fever (eradicated)
68
Leptospirosis is it in aus, epidemiology and pathogenesis
```
(AUS)
EPI
- Direct contact, abrasions, water borne, rodent spread
- Other species (cattle, wildlife, dogs) can be infected
- ZOONOSIS
PATH
Septicaemia and localisation in kidney
Local infection - endometritis
Late infection in utero most common
```
69
Leptospirosis is there a vaccine, treatment and prevention
vaccine -> YES
treatment - 400-800g
OTC for 4 weeks
prevention - Hygiene, biosecurity
70
Erysipelas it is in aus, spread, pathogenesis, vaccine, treatment and prevention
(AUS) - common
- Infection via oral route or skin
- Bacteraemia and fever, inflammation evident
- vaccine - YES
- treatment - Amoxycillin
- prevention - Hygiene (penicillin for growers)
71
Congenital tremors is it in aus, what is the cause, diagnosis, what age most commonly affected
Congenital tremors (AUS)
- Pestivirus
- Lesions inapparent
- Diagnosis based on clinical signs (tremors)
- Gilt litters most commonly affected
72
Congenital tremors is there a vaccine, treatment and prevention
- vaccine - NO
- treatment - Colostrum within the first few days, tremors will decrease as age
- prevention - Gilt exposure - immunity after infection
73
Porcine parvovirus is it in aus, spread, pathogenesis, vaccine and prevention
Porcine Parvovirus (AUS)
- Oronasal, venereal
- Viraemia, transplacental infection
- vaccine - YES
- prevention - Gilt exposure
74
Menangle Virus it is in aus, how spread, importance, what leads to, vaccine and prevention
Menangle V (AUS)
- Paramyxovirus originating in fruit bats and spread to pigs
- ZOONOTIC
pathogenesis
- Adult asymptomatic
- In utero infection resulted in apparent viraemia, abortion, craniofacial deformities
- vaccine - NO
- prevention - Gilt exposure, flying fox control
75
Encephalomyocarditis is it in auswhat animal within, spread by, pathogenesis, vaccine and prevention
(AUS)
- Infection of rats, amplified by mice and spill over to pigs
- Oral infection
Path
- Viraemia and localisation in heart muscle
Transplacental infection
All ages affected
- vaccine - NO
- prevention - Gilt exposure, rodent control
76
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is it in aus, spread by, pathogenesis
NOT IN AUS
- Respiratory, oral or persistent venereal infection
- Infection in meat demonstrated
path =- Immune response capacity severely compromised
77
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccine, treatment and prevention
vaccine - YES
treatment - RNA virus can mutate and can come back into previously infected herds
prevention - Stabilise herd, reduce shedding
78
Classical swine fever is it in aus, spread by, vaccine and prevention
(eradicated)
- Direct contact, oral or respiratory routes, semen, fomites (vehicles)
path - Lymphoid depletion, virus persists
- vaccine - YES
- prevention - OIE listed, test and slaughter, quarantine on arrival
79
Porcine circovirus type 2 is it in aus, spread by, pathogenesis, vaccine and prevention
```
(AUS)
- Oronasal infection
- Pig to pig
path
- Immunosuppressive disease
- Viraemia with predilection for lymphoid tissue
- vaccine - YES
- prevention - Gilt exposure
```
80
What is the msot common locomotor conditions in baby pigs, weaners and older pigs
```
- Baby pigs:
○ Splayleg in piglets, Polyarthritis
- Weaners:
○ H parasuis, S suis
- “Older” pigs:
○ Superficial injury/trauma – Arcanobacterium (Trueperella) pyogenes
○ Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
○ Erysipelas
○ Degenerative joint disease
○ PSS - Porcine stress syndrome
○ Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency
```
81
What are the 3 main reasons that lameness is important condition in pigs
1. Lameness is a major cause of culling in breeding stock -> About 25% wastage.
2. AI -> some lameness still allowed as not natural mating, but not good for mothering
3. Arthritic joints must be boned + 16% penalty -> economical
82
What are the 5 main steps in a diagnostic approach to pig lameness
1. Assess the extent of the problem
○ Walk through observing all pigs -> better when the pigs are up and moving around, feeding time, movement from sheds
○ Take a history (treatments, culls, deaths)
2. Evaluate individual pigs (observe, hands-on) -> pick up the feet, harder higher up on the legs
3. Consider environment (especially floors) -> especially for older sows
4. Consider nutrition (quality control) -> more with hobby farmers
5. Laboratory diagnosis (post-mortem) -> how to choose the PM pig
○ Untreated, clinically affected pigs, soon after onset of signs
83
Spay leg: myofibrillar hypoplasia what are 3 main risk factors, treatment and prognosis
- Landrace linked ???
- Slippery surfaces - exacerbates the issue
- Induction of farrowing < 112 days -> NEGATIVE OF THIS
Treatment
- Tape legs together
- Crib and heater to prevent overlays
- Massage!
- Non-slip creep surface
Poor prognosis if front and back legs affected otherwise generally do well
84
Polyarthrtiis what are the major pathogens, how do they infect the joints and what can you do to prevent it
1) mycoplasma, actinbacillus suis, haemophilus parasuis, E.coli, staphylococcus suis, streptococcus suis
2) Haematogenous -> via vaccination, tail docking, teeth clipping, scraps from flooring, tail bite
3) - Improve conditions
- Improve the machinery and procedures
85
superficial injury/trauma what result in and clinical signs
- May result in cellulitis and/or osteomyelitis in deeper tissues.
- Clinical signs: Lameness involving one or more limbs; unwilling to stand.
86
arcanobacterium (Trueperella) pyogenes infection what result in and what generalyl secondary to
- Infects joints secondary to soft tissue damage and infection
- May be secondary to tail biting
87
Leg/foot damage main cause and prevention, treatment and prognosis
- Drain covers -> can get dew claw caught
- Prevention- repair (sharp edges), re-surface rough concrete
Treatment
- topical
- parenteral antibiotic – early
- anti-inflammatory.
- Cull/euthanasia -> need to be able to weight bear on all four legs before travel in trucks to abattoir
88
Infectious athritis what are the 5 main agents involved
- Mycoplasma hyorhinus, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Erysipelas, H parasuis, S suis
89
Mycoplasma hyorhinis how common, how transmitted, what result in, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment
- Uncommon in Australia - Usually in weaners.
- Transmitted from oro-nasopharynx
- Disease after local damage to respiratory epithelium -> septicaemia -> polyserositis / polyarthritis.
- Clinical signs: fever (39C+), lameness and abdominal discomfort with polyserositis (DDx H parasuis).
- Diagnosis: Necropsy - polyserositis, fibrinous exudate; PCR; Response to treatment
- Treatment: Tylosin/Lincomycin/Tiamulin + antiinflammatory
90
mycoplasma hyosynoviae where found, most common in, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment
- In the snouts of 60-70% of pigs at slaughter
- Most common in weaners & growers, but may affect gilts >>> low to moderate morbidity and very low mortality.
- Transmission vertical (“Carrier" sows tonsil) or horizontal (at weaning).
- Clinical signs:
○ Painful, swollen joints, but usually afebrile
○ Excess synovial fluid may distend joint
- Diagnosis:
○ Age of onset
○ Afebrile and lacking polyserositis
○ Lesions restricted to synovium at necropsy
○ PCR
○ Response to treatment
- Treatment:
○ Tylosin / Lincomycin/ Tiamulin
○ + Corticosteroid /Flunixin IM
91
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) what is the main manifestation, 4 predilection sites, clinical signs occur from, results in what cull rates and cause?
- Main manifestation is OCD
- Predilection sites:
○ medial humeral and femoral condyles
○ growth plates of costochondral junctions-
○ distal ulnae
○ ischial tuberosities.
- Clinical signs occur from 4 months / > 100kg.
- Results in high cull rates (34-100%) in breeding pigs.
- Aetiology unknown-multifactorial:
○ genetics (muscular, heavy pigs)
○ Nutrition- quantity vs. quality
○ environment / management
92
Degenerative joint disease pathogenesis and clinical signs
Pathogenesis
- OCD-disturbed endochondral ossification in the growth cartilages.
- Osteochondrosis- Cartilage flaps, or areas with loss of cartilage result in exposure of subchondral bone to the joint cavity >> results in pain & lameness.
Clinical signs
- Moderate/severe lameness in 1 or more legs-“kneeling” walk or on tip toes
- Onset may be insidious - progressive lameness - probably when osteoarthrosis develops or sudden following trauma
- Involvement of synovial joints of vertebrae -> kyphosis
93
Degenerative joint disease diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention
```
Diagnosis
- Clinical signs
- Post-mortem lesions
○ Joint cartilage has folds and flaps, craters expose bone, Excess synovial fluid, Villous proliferation, Joint “mice” ossified, Osteophytes
Treatment:
- Rest & anti-inflammatories
- poor prognosis
Prevention:
- None since cause unknown; Good floor surfaces - bedding or dirt lots
```
94
Rickets and osteomalacia what generally caused by
○ absolute Ca, P, Vit D deficiencies
○ imbalanced ratio of Ca:P (target 1.3:1)
○ feed mixing issues
○ cost cutting.
95
Rickets and osteomalacia what are the clinical signs for each
- Rickets:
○ pigs unwilling or unable to stand
○ enlarged joints, skull disproportionately large
○ bowed, truncated limbs
○ fractured long bones, ribs or vertebrae
○ paresis or paralysis
○ Histo: bones poorly mineralized; fractures
- Osteomalacia:
○ lameness or inability to stand late in pregnancy/ lactation/weaning
○ Poorly mineralized bones; secondary fractures
96
Porcine stress syndrome what is the main cause, lesions and pathology
- A “side-effect” of the ”Halothane gene” – used in the past to increase lean yield.
- Lesions: Rapid development of rigor mortis. Pale, soft, "watery" musculature – dt denaturation of muscle protein.
Pathology
- Stress -> XS adrenaline
○ muscle glycogenolysis & XS lactic A
○ high metabolic rate
○ increased muscle temperature
○ tremor/muscle rigidity
○ collapse > death
97
Porcine stress syndrome (PSS) diagnosis and prevention and treatment
Diagnosis: clinical signs + blood test for stress gene.
Prevention & Treatment:
- Cull homozygotes
- Rest; Cool hosing; Sedation
- Avoid mixing stress-susceptible animals
- Market animals on dry, cool days
- Genetic selection: Tests incoming animals for stress gene
98
Vitamin E/selenium deficiency what mainly cause, description and caused by deficiencies in
- Mulberry heart disease (most common) / Hepatosis dietetica.
- Weaners-”good pigs found dead”.
- Selenium and Vitamin E prevent XS lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
- Deficiencies:
○ absolute Se/Vit E deficiency
○ Vitamin oxidation in rancid food
○ rapidly growing pigs exceed average requirements in the diet.
99
Vitamin E/selenium deficiency diagnosis and prevention
- Diagnosis:
○ History, clinical signs, and characteristic lesions
○ Unexpected deaths in best pigs
○ Heparinized blood for glutathione peroxidase
○ Histology - coagulative necrosis of muscle fibers
- Prevention:
○ Good feed management
○ Sodium selenite supplement in diet - 0.3ppm Se
