Cattle

Question 1

Maternal cattle breed traits

Answer 1

Low birth weight

Easy calving

Fertility

Milk production

Early puberty

Low muscling

Can be British, American, Continental

Question 2

Dual purpose

Answer 2

HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN

Usually black and white (red variant has more conc milk)

Average female weight: 700-800kg

Average male weight: up to 1200 kg

Milk quality: low fat (3.7%) /protein (3.2%)

Annual yield: 8000-12 000 kg important!!!

Question 3

What hormones can be used to induce ovulation and what can be used to induce estrus in the female?

Answer 3

Ovulation: hCg or GnRH Cycle: progesterone, PGIFa2, PRID (device)

Question 4

Give four important genetic diseases of Holstein

Answer 4

DUMPS Hemophilia B Hypertrichosis Oligodontia (lack of teeth)

Question 5

How long is the lactation period of the cow and is a dry period needed between lactations?

Answer 5

About 300 days, a dry period of 2 months is needed for mammary regeneration

Question 6

Dual purpose

Answer 6

Norwegian Red cattle

about 40% naturally polled

Popular to cross with Holstein (in USA)

An open, synthetic breed

Breeding goal: health, fertility

Question 7

Give 7 paternal beef cattle breeds

Answer 7

Charolais

Limousin

Maine-Anjou

Blonde D’Aquitaine

Belgian blue

Chianina

Piedmontese

Question 8

Give the twinning rate and the rate of females becoming freemartins when twinning with a male

Answer 8

Twinning: 1-4% Freemartin rate: +90%

Question 9

Give an important genetic disease of Simmental

Answer 9

Platelet bleeding disorder

Question 10

What is important to look at in the chemical composition of the milk?

Answer 10

Fat/Protein ratio Lactose content Color, odor, taste pH, density, conduction Vitamins, ketone bodies, urea, fatty acid composition SCC = somatic cell count (leukocyte content)

Question 11

When is a heifer ready to have a calf?

Answer 11

At 2 or 3 years, depending on breed

Question 12

How long does it take for the average cow to be milked?

Answer 12

3-5 mins

Question 13

Give three genetic skeletal diseases in cattle

Answer 13

Chondrodysplasia Dwarfism (STH receptor mutation) Syndactylia (fused digits)

Question 14

Name some inter species hybrids and the aim of creating them

Answer 14

Cattalo Yakalo Beefalo Aim: to produce high protein low fat beef

Question 15

What is a stag?

Answer 15

A male castrated after maturity. It will act like an uncastrated male

Question 16

How long is the female in heat?

Answer 16

24-48 hrs

Question 17

What is a freemartin?

Answer 17

A female calf from a twin pregnancy where the testosterone from the male twin has caused changes to the female’s reprod system during early gestation, making it sterile

Question 18

Give 10 maternal beef cattle breeds

Answer 18

Angus

Hereford

Shorthorn

Hungarian gray

Galloway

Highland cattle

Devon

Lincoln red

Dexter

Chillingham

Question 19

Is twinning desired or not? What is the heritability?

Answer 19

Beef cattle yes Dairy cattle no Heritability (h^2) 0.01-0.09 (low)

Question 20

Give some general reprod traits of the dam

Answer 20

Uniparous Low reprod potential Late breeding Long gestation Continuously polyestrus (anestrus pathologically)

Question 21

What is an ox

Answer 21

A castrated male kept for draft or riding purposes

Question 22

What is a steer/bullock?

Answer 22

A male castrated before maturity

Question 23

What is the Latin name for today’s domesticated cattle?

Answer 23

Ruminantia Bovidae Bovinae Bos taurus

Question 24

Give three genetic metabolic diseases in cattle

Answer 24

Gangliosidosis Citrullinaemia DUMPS (uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency)

Question 25

What types of milking parlours exist?

Answer 25

Rotary Herringbone Parallel

Question 26

What is a dam

Answer 26

Mother of an offspring

Question 27

Dairy cattle

Answer 27

Jersey cow Small breed, brown, cute High butterfat (6%) and protein (4%) Average female weight: 350-540 kg Average male weight: 540-820 kg Annual yield: 5400 kg

Question 28

Dairy cattle

Answer 28

Guernsey Brown with white spots Average female weight: 450-550kg Average male weight: 700-800kg Milk quality: rich flavour, golden colour (carotene) concentrated Annual yield: 5800-6000kg

Question 29

Where does the fertilization happen and at what day does the implantation into the uterine wall happen?

Answer 29

Fertilization happens in the Fallopian tubes, implantation happens on the 21-22 day (early)

Question 30

Terminal/paternal beef cattle breed traits

Answer 30

Muscling Fast growth

Question 31

Give four genetic blood/circulation diseases in cattle

Answer 31

Hyperbilirubinaemia Protoporhyria (congential, AR) Platelet bleeding disorder Hemophilia B (factor IX)

Question 32

What are some related species to the domesticated European cattle?

Answer 32

Yak (Mongolia, China) Zebu with hump (muscular hyper trophy) SE Asia Bali cattle (small) Goyal cattle (sacrificial animals) Bison (American/European) Asian water buffalo African buffalo

Question 33

Dual purpose

Answer 33

Brown Swiss From Braunvieh, grey coloured (?) Average female weight: 700 kg Average male weight: up to 1135 kg Milk quality: 4.5% fat, 3.6% protein, great for cheese production! Annual yield: 9000 kg

Question 34

What is injected into the cow to increase lactation in USA?

Answer 34

recombinant bovine growth hormone rBGH

Question 35

Name some feral cattle breeds

Answer 35

Chillingham cattle Aleutian wild cattle Enderby island cattle Ushuaia Cattle

Question 36

Give an important genetic disease of Limousine

Answer 36

Protoporphyria

Question 37

What parameters are used to measure milk performance

Answer 37

Average milk yield Max daily milk yield FCM = fat corrected milk yield Fat yield Protein yield

Question 38

What species can you mate to get the infertile male Dzo and fertile female Dzomo?

Answer 38

Yak and domestic cattle Heterosis

Question 39

What is a cow?

Answer 39

A female cow with at least one offspring

Question 40

What is a sire?

Answer 40

The father of an offspring, used in dairy breeding

Question 41

When is the heifer sexually mature (but not ready to have a calf just yet)

Answer 41

When she is 15 months or about ¾ of her full grown body weight

Question 42

Give three intersex diseases in cattle

Answer 42

XY females Testicular/ovarian/Uterine dysplasia (abnormal development) or hypoplasia (under-development) TFS - testicular feminization syndrome (ø adrenergic receptors)

Question 43

When was cattle domesticated?

Answer 43

About 10,000 years ago (8000 B.C.)

Question 44

What factors of milk should you consider when wanting to produce cheese?

Answer 44

Lipid droplet size (small is good --\> jersey too big) Kappa **casein** content (solidification of cheese) Lipase content (?)

Question 45

Give three genetic muscular diseases of cattle

Answer 45

Spinal muscle atrophy (SMA) Hypertrophy (double muscling) Weaver syndrome

Question 46

What is a calf

Answer 46

A young male of female cattle before one year old

Question 47

Give some important parameters on udder evaluation

Answer 47

Udder depth Udder attatchment Teat placement Teat size Udder cleft

Question 48

What is the heck cattle

Answer 48

A reconstruction of the now extinct Auroch, made by German zoologists to have in zoos.

Question 49

Ancestor of modern domesticated cattle?

Answer 49

Auroch Went extinct in the 17th century

Question 50

What are some symptoms that the female is in heat?

Answer 50

Mucus discharge Mounting other females Hyperaemic external genitalia

Question 51

When does a cattle reach puberty?

Answer 51

At 12-16 months

Question 52

When does ovulation happen?

Answer 52

12-14 hrs after heat

Question 53

Give an important genetic disease of Shorthorn

Answer 53

Parakeratosis

Question 54

How long is the gestation period

Answer 54

Approx 280 days

Question 55

Give an important genetic disease of Dexter

Answer 55

Dwarfism

Question 56

Dairy cattle

Answer 56

Ayrshire Red and white, good conformation (esp udder) Average female weight: 500-600kg Average male weight: 750-850kg Milk quality: 4% butterfat and protein Annual yield: 6400 kg

Question 57

How many chromosomes do domesticated cattle and water buffalo have?

Answer 57

Cattle: 2n = 60 Water buffalo: 2n = 48

Question 58

What is a heifer?

Answer 58

Young female before she has had a calf

Question 59

What can cause cycle disorders in the cattle?

Answer 59

CLP (Corpus lutea persistens) ovulation induced with PGIF2a Cystic ovaries

Question 60

What is a yearling

Answer 60

A calf between one and two years old

Question 61

Give two important genetic diseases of Brown Swiss

Answer 61

Weaver syndrome Albinism

Question 62

How long is the estrus cycle?

Answer 62

21 days (biphasic: follicular and luteal phase)

Question 63

How can you diagnose the pregnancy?

Answer 63

Ultrasound Rectal examination Hormone testing Progesterone in blood plasma Fetal proteins Estrone sulfate in milk

Question 64

What are 9 parameters used to evaluate the reproduction performance

Answer 64

Age at first calving: approx 2 years Insemination index (whatever that is): ideally less than 1,5 Non-return rate: less than 60% Calving interval: 360-380 days but can be over 40p First fertile heat after calving: 35-40 days Service period: less than 60 days Pregnancy rate: above 95% Sterility: under 10% Embryonic mortality: under 5%

Question 65

What cattle breeds are important in the cheese production?

Answer 65

Montbéliarde Shorthorn (English cheddar) Brown swiss Normande (camembert) Guernsey Ayrshire Holstein

Question 66

Give two genetic immunodeficiency diseases in cattle

Answer 66

BLAD (bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency) Chediak-Higashi

Question 67

Name two bovine species that cannot mate?

Answer 67

Asian water buffalo and domestic cattle Likely because of different chromosome number