Flashcards in Horse Deck (75)
Loading flashcards...
1
How can you diagnose pregnancy?
No heat
Clinical signs (vaginal and rectal examination)
Hormone measurement (eCG, P4)
Ultrasound (14-45 days)
2
Basic colour is determined by
W, G, E and A
3
What are some general characteristics of hot/warmblood horse breeds?
Narrow back, defined withers
Fine skeleton, long legs, above 150cm wither height
Long hindquarters for speed
Minimal feathering
High feed demand -> struggle to maintain weight
400-500 kg
4
What is the agouti (A) gene?
Distribution of black colour hair
5
What are 5 advantages of artificial insemination?
Reduces spread of venereal disease
International breeding programs are possible
Less stress by traveling
More mares can be mated with a valuable stallion
Allows line breeding (semen can be stored after death)
6
What was the warmblood bred for?
to be warm hehe
Carriage horses (17th/18th century)
7
What is SCID and who can have it?
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Frameshift mutation
Poor T- and B-lymphocyt function, immunodeficiency, death of foal after colostrum protection ceases
Arab horses
8
What is grey (G) gene?
Exclusion of pigment from hair over time (born dark, lightens with age)
9
Blood refreshment
Crossing of individuals of same breed but different familial lines to increase vigor (physical strength and good health)
10
Where are most cold blooded/heavy draft horses from?
France, Germany, Great Britain
11
What is the white (W) gene?
Inability to form pigment
WW homozygotes is embryonic lethal
12
Gelding
Male castrated horse of any age
13
What is gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)?
A mare’s ovum and a stallion’s sperm is inserted into a surrogate mare’s oviduct (useful for us fertile stallions with low sperm count)
14
What genes can lead to haemophilia?
WW (white) and OO (ovaro white spotting)
15
What is the Latin name for a horse?
Equus caballus
16
Name some trotters (7)
Orlow trotter
American standardbred
Russian trotter (Orlow x American standardbred)
Hungarian trotter (nearly extinct)
Hackney
Morgan
Cleveland bay
17
Give the general characteristics of ponies
Generally cold blooded
Any horse under 14 hands (142 cm)
Thick coats, manes, tails, lower limb feathering
High endurance, mild temper, long life span
18
What are some health issues of the Thoroughbreds?
High fatality in racing
Bleeding from lungs
Low fertility
Relatively small hearts
Small hoof:body mass ratio
19
What are the 8 most important genetic diseases of the horse?
Haemophilia
Lethal white ovaro
Melanomatosis
HYPP
SCID
EPSM
HERDA
GBED
20
Name some coldblooded breeds
GB:
Suffolk punch, Shire, Clydesdale
Fr:
Percheron, Comtois, Boulonnais, Breton, Ardennais
Blg:
Brabant
Ger:
Schelswig, Rhein-Westphalen, Schwarzwald
21
What is hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA)?
Autosomal recessive
Collagen defect: layers of skin are not held firmly together
22
What is embryo transfer?
Flushing out a mares newly fertilized egg and inserting it into a surrogate which is in the same phase of the estrus cycle as the donor mare
23
What are the 4 Tapan subspecies?
Warmblood
Oriental
Draft
Tarpan
24
Suckling
A nursing foal
25
Name some thoroughbred blooded sport horses (Hungarian). Name the most winning flat race horse
Gidran (Hungarian anglo-arab)
Fusioso-north star
Noniusz
Kisber
Kincsem
Thoroughbred Hungarian chestnut mare
54/54 wins
26
What’s the name of the offspring when you breed a male donkey and a mare?
Mule
27
What causes lethal white ovaro (LWO)?
TC to AG nucleotide mutation in endothelin B receptor gene
28
What is the melanin extension/non-extension? (E)
Extension of red pigments (red, chestnut, sorrel) ee = ability to produce black pigment in skin, appears red in hairs
29
What was the Thoroughbred bred for?
to be thorough ehhehe no but ultimate racehorse (Britain 1700)
30
Foal
Less than a year old
31
What is glycogen branching enzyme deficiency? (GBED)
No glycogen storage: cardiac and skeletal muscles cannot function --> death
32
What are 6 signs that the mare is in heat?
Relaxed hyperaemic external genitals
Frequent urination
Raising tail
Mucous discharge
Presenting itself to stallion
Teasing of other mares
33
Is the horse
uniparous
biparous
multiparous?
Uniparous --> only releases one ovum and produces one offspring
34
When is the eCG production?
days 31-120
35
What are some important Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendants? except American
Andalusian
Lusitano
Lipizzaner
Friesian
Knapstrup
ALL Foals Know
36
What is HYPP?
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
Missense point mutation: autosomal dominant
Signs: disturbed Na-channel function in skeletal muscle, hyperkalaemia, lameness, muscle weakness, paralysis and twitching
37
Where does fertilization happen?
Fallopian tube
38
Weanling
A foal that has been weaned (no longer fed breastmilk)
39
What are some haute ecole dressage thingies? Name 5
Where are they taught?
Piaffe
Levade
Courbette
Capriole
Croupade
Taught in Spanish riding school in Vienna
40
What is egg transfer?
An oocyte is removed from a mare’s follicle and transferred into the oviduct of a surrogate mare, which is then bred with a stallion
41
When does a horse hit puberty?
16-18 months
42
Name some general features of coldbloods
Large, strong, heavy (1000kg)
High cannon girth, short legs
Thick mane, tail, lower limb feathering
Short life span, low withers, broad back
Quiet temperament
Used for their strength and meat production
43
What is the only surviving wild horse breed?
Przewalski’s horse
44
Interspecies hybrids
Mule and hinny/jennet
45
What happens if a horse has melanomatosis of grey horses?
Disorder of melanocyte migration
Benign melanomas in grey horses 15 years +, around eyes, vagina, anus and on skin
46
Grading up
Regular crossings throughout more generations to improve the breed or produce a new breed
47
Chromosome number:
Wild horse
Domesticated horse
Donkey
66
64
62
48
What are modified variants of the three basic colours?
Roan, grey
49
When will the mare have placental estrogens in her blood?
4-5 months onwards
50
Yearling
Between one and two years old
51
Ancestor of horse
Tarpan with 4 subspecies
52
What is the average age of sexual maturity?
3-5 years
53
What’s the name of the offspring when you breed a female zebra with a stallion?
Hinny/jennet
54
What colour genes are dominant?
W and G
55
What is equine polysaccharide storage myopathy? (EPSM) and what breeds can get it?
Metabolic muscular condition that can occur from being tied up. Related to glycogen storage disorder. Seen in Quarter horses
56
How long is the period covered by horse evolution?
60 million years
57
Earliest documentation of horse breeding?
Arabian horse, by Bendouin in Middle East at 1330 A.D
58
What are some American descendants of Spanish breeds?
Mustang (feral)
Appaloosa
Quarter horse
American pinto
Peruvian paso
My American Quacks At Pizza
59
When we’re horses domesticated?
5-6000 years ago
60
What is the roan (R) gene?
Mixing of dark and light hairs
Black, blue, bay and red roan
Dun horses
61
What are some important warmblood breeds?
Arabian
Barb
Anglo-Arabian
Akhal-Teke
Tersk
Russian Don
A Blue Army Ate Ten Rocks
62
What is the gestation period for the mare?
336 days
63
Single crossing
One-time crossing
64
Synthetic breeds
A planned gene pool of a horse breed
65
What are the qualitative/monogenic basic colours of the horse?
Black, bay (brown), chestnut
66
What horse breeds can get LWO?
Paint
Pinto
Quarter horse
English Thoroughbred
Miniature horse breeds
67
S
P
O
T
Spotting
Piebald/Skewbald
Ovaro spotted
Tobiano
68
Colt
Filly
Male under age of four
Female under age of four
69
What are two types of pure breeding?
Inbreeding (should not exceed 0.1-0.3)
Line breeding: repeated backcrossing for fixing a certain trait)
70
Terminal crossings
Utilizes heterosis
71
Give some pony breeds
Shetland
Welsh pony
Exmoor, Dartmoor (Celtic)
Connemara (Irish)
Fell and Dales - sport type
New forest
Icelandic horse (gaited - tølt)
Fjording (Norwegian dun purebred horse)
Heck horse
Curly horse
72
What happens if a horse has LWO?
Lack of colon ganglions:
Colic and flatulence in foal
Death of homozygotes
73
What breeds can get HYPP?
Quarter horse, paint and appaloosa breeds
74
What are 6 types of cross breeding?
Blood refreshment
Single crossing
Grading up
Synthetic breeds
Terminal crossings
Interspecies hybrids
75
