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Patho Study Guide > Causes > Flashcards

Causes Flashcards

1
Q

Warmth and Redness during cellulitis is caused by….

A

Increase blood flow to the area

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2
Q

What disorders are associated with an excessive immune response?

A

Asthma and Chron’s disease

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3
Q

Who is most at risk for gout?

A

Males and African Americans

Individuals who are overweight, hypertension, renal disease, or sickle cell anemia.

Consumption of alcohol, use of diuretics, diet rich in meat and seafood.

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4
Q

What is the cause of osteoporosis?

A

A decrease or increase in osteoblast activity.

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5
Q

What is the cause of mechanical bowel obstruction?

A

90% of small intestine obstruction: tumors, adhesions, and hernias

Most common in large intestines: Tumors, diverticulitis, and volvulus

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6
Q

What does excessive H. Pylori cause?

A

Peptic Ulcers
Gastritis
Duodenitis

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7
Q

What are the risk factors for developing liver cancer?

A

Male
African American
Family history
Obesity
Chronic Pancreatitis
Diabetes Miletus
Heavy Alcohol Consumption
Tobacco use

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8
Q

Who is most at risk for Hepatitis B infections?

A

Infants born to mothers with hep B

People who inject drugs or share needles

Sex partners of people with Hep B

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9
Q

What causes the RAAs system to trigger?

A

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys or hypertension.

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10
Q

What organism causes pyelonephritis?

A

E. Coli

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11
Q

What cause urinary casts with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflames tubules compress RBCs and protein into a atypical mass

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12
Q

What does hypokalemia cause in the heart?

A

EKG changes, dysrhythmias, weak and irregular pulse, cardiac arrest.

(Prolonged PR, depressed ST, Flat T, U wave)

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13
Q

What does HYPERkalemia cause in the heart?

A

EKG changes, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

(Prolonged PR, wide QRS, peaked T, depressed ST)

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14
Q

What causes cystitis to be more common in females?

A

Urethra is closer to the anus and the local flora.

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15
Q

What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Decreased testosterone, increased estrogen, and rising dihydrotestosterone levels.

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16
Q

HPV causes an increased risk of what?

A

Cervical Cancer

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17
Q

What is the cause of endometrial pain?

A

Tissue that has migrated will continue to act normally, without any outlet the blood becomes trapped, irritates the surrounding tissue and causes pain.

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18
Q

What is the cause of Acute bacterial prostatitis?

A

An UTI usually E.Coli

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19
Q

What is the cause of Chronic bacterial prostatitis?

A

Recurrent UTI
No bacteria present, but immune cells found

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20
Q

What causes trichomoniasis?

A

T. Vaginalis (a parasite)

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21
Q

What causes giantism?

A

Excessive GH levels prior to puberty

22
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Excessive GH levels in adulthood

23
Q

What causes MS?

A

Progressive/irreversible deviation of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerve neurons.

Brains cortex atrophies and plaques develop in the white matter.

24
Q

What is the cause of cerebral palsy?

A

Damage to the cerebellum during the prenatal period, but can also occur at any time during the first three years of age.

25
Q

What is the cause of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Chronic hepatitis

26
Q

The cause of meningitis?

A

Viral or bacterial infection

27
Q

What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

Cerebral artery occlusion, cerebral artery narrowing, or cerebral artery injury

28
Q

What is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

29
Q

What causes a cerebral aneurysm?

A

A weakened artery due to congenital defect.

Later in life due to HTN, DM, dyslipidemia , connective tissue disease, arterial wall infection, PKS, arteriovenous malformations, smoking, illicit drug use, TBI, or brain tumor.

30
Q

What causes spinal cord injuries?

A

Direct injury to the spinal cord, or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, blood vessels due to blunt/penetrating physical forces.

Most commonly: car accidents, falls, violence, sports, primary gunshot wounds.

31
Q

What causes exercise induced asthma?

A

Cool dry air entering the respiratory tract, asthmatic symptoms are compensatory mechanism to warm and moisten air

32
Q

What causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (a slow growing aerobic bacillus)

33
Q

What causes pleural effusion?

A

Pneumonia
Cancer
Pulmonary embolism
Viral infections
or TB.

34
Q

What causes Empyema?

A

Likely due to complications from pneumonia, a thoracotomy , abscess, or penetrating trauma within secondary infection.

35
Q

What causes asthma?

A

Genetic and environmental causes. A strong immune reaction to an allergen.

36
Q

COPD causes

A

Most common contributing factor is cigarette smoking, followed by inhalation of pollution and chemical irritants.

37
Q

What causes Legionnaires Disease?

A

Legionella pneumophilia

38
Q

What can cause pulmonary edema?

A

Heart failure

39
Q

What causes bronchitis?

A

Viruses, bacterial infection, irritant inhalation, and allergic reaction.

Smokers, young children, and elderly at greater risk.

40
Q

What causes increase RBC production?

A

Iron

41
Q

What causes leukemia?

A

The bone marrow makes abnormal leukocytes, these leukemia cells do not die when they should.
Crowd healthy cells

42
Q

What causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

Mainly due to EBV
human T cell leukemia virus
human herpesvirus 8

43
Q

What cause Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Lymph nodes swell, and compressed surrounding tissues
Presence REED-STERNBURG Cells

44
Q

What causes a sickle cell crisis?

A

Obstruction of small blood vessels as the sickled cells clog the vessels, leading to ischemia in necrosis

45
Q

What causes multiple myeloma?

A

Bence Jones proteins are excreted in the urine due to abnormal cells in the bone marrow crowding blood forming cells.

46
Q

Who is most at risk of multiple myeloma?

A

Males
African Americans (2x mortality)
Older Adults

47
Q

What causes iron-deficiency anemia?

A

When iron supply needed to produce hemoglobin is an adequate to meet the hemoglobin production demands.

Decrease consumption or absorption of iron or increased bleeding.

48
Q

What causes pernicious anemia?

A

Cyanocobalamin deficit

49
Q

What causes mononucleosis?

A

Epstein Barr virus

Spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing, kissing, shared utensils.

50
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

High LDL cholesterol
High blood pressure
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity

51
Q

What causes Cardiogenic shock?

A

The left ventricle is unable to maintain adequate cardiac output, usually occurring because of myocardial damage or arrhythmias.

Highest mortality rate.

Patho Study Guide (9 decks)

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