General Questions

Question 1

What stores electrolytes and acts as an electrolyte pool in the body?

Answer 1

Bone and Kidneys

Question 2

What is the normal range of sodium?

Answer 2

135-145mEq/L

Question 3

What are the components of insensible water loss?

Answer 3

Breathing
Talking
Sweating
Excretion through stool

Question 4

What is the normal pH of blood?

Answer 4

7.35-7.45

Question 5

How does the body maintain acid-base balance?

Answer 5

Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system (kidneys and lungs)
Phosphate system
Hemoglobin system
Proteins System
Respiratory regulation
Renal regulation

Question 6

What systematic effects occur during an inflammatory response?

Answer 6

Elevated temperature

Question 7

What is the outcome of histamine release?

Answer 7

Boosts blood flow and causes inflammation

Question 8

What is the role of histamine during allergic reactions?

Answer 8

Released by mast cells in basophils

• triggering the inflammatory process
• increasing the permeability of capillaries to WBCs and other proteins.

Question 9

What are the prevention methods of squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 9

Checking skin for abnormal changes
Using broad 30+ SPF
Avoid tanning
Protection during sun exposure

Question 10

What changes occur in elderly skin?

Answer 10

Decreased sensation of pain, vibration, cold, heat, pressure and touch.

Loss of elasticity and moisture

Decreased wound healing

Decrease subcutaneous fat

Question 11

How is fibromyalgia diagnosed?

Answer 11

WIDESPREAD PAIN for at least 3 months

• When COGNITIVE and SOMATIC symptoms are present.

Usually fatigue

Question 12

What physical assessment technique can assess for kidney disease?

Answer 12

Palpation of the costal vertebral angle

Tenderness is abnormal

Question 13

What is the importance of dialysis?

Answer 13

Removes excess fluids and waste from the body

Question 14

How is fluid and sodium retention regulated in the body?

Answer 14

The kidneys

Question 15

What is the normal flow of urine?

Answer 15

1. Collecting duct
2. Renal pelvis
3. Ureter
4. Bladder

Question 16

Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?

Answer 16

• NO reliable screening test
• DIFFICULT to treat
• Often METASTASIZED by diagnosis

Question 17

What is significant about an imbalance in PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

Answer 17

Works opposite to calcitonin to regulate calcium levels

Calcium down, PTH up

Question 18

How is cerebral palsy classified?

Answer 18

BASED ON MOVEMENT DISORDER INVOLVED
1. Spasticity: stiff muscles (80%)
2. Dyskinesia: uncontrollable movements
3. Ataxia: Poor balance/coordination

Question 19

What is the gold standard diagnostic for ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 19

MRI

Question 20

The following causes edema….

Answer 20

Decreased plasma protein

Question 21

Intracellular fluid has higher levels of this electrolyte…

Answer 21

Magnesium and Potassium

Question 22

This takes place when a client has hypotension…

Answer 22

Increases ICP
Brain swelling

Question 23

A HF client presents with bilateral pitting edema, this is an example of a…

Answer 23

Sign

Question 24

The following fluids shift IV fluids from the extracellular into the Intracellular space….

Answer 24

Hypotonic

Question 25

Fluid distribution between the Intracellular and extracellular space occurs via

Answer 25

Osmosis

Question 26

Electrolyte movement through the capillary walls occurs via…

Answer 26

Diffusion

Question 27

_____is the role of the lungs in balancing acid-bases.

Answer 27

Carbonic acid elimination

Question 28

_____ and ______ are the chemical mediators responsible for an inflammatory response.

Answer 28

Histamine Prostaglandins

Question 29

What dialates vessels in the nose causing nasal stuffiness/congestion?

Answer 29

Histamine release

Question 30

This following disease is marked by an immune response working in excess…

Answer 30

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 31

This type of WBC plays a role in cell-mediated immunity and immunoglobulin production…

Answer 31

Lymphocytes

Question 32

A vaccine provides this type of immunity….

Answer 32

Acquired Artificial Immunity

Question 33

A metastatic cancer patient exhibits this….

Answer 33

Cells invade local tissues and invade neighboring cells

Question 34

A tumor, node, metastasis characterization of T2, N1, M0 indicates…

Answer 34

Tumor is locally invasive Regional lymph nodes involvement No metastasis

Question 35

____is assessed in a client with atopic dermatitis.

Answer 35

Pruritus

Question 36

_____is a skin change due to histamine release.

Answer 36

Erythema

Question 37

A lack of vitamin____/calcium puts an adult client at risk for osteomalacia.

Answer 37

Vitamin D

Question 38

A deficiency of Vitamin D results in this disorder…

Answer 38

Rickets

Question 39

____and_____define complications of compartment syndrome.

Answer 39

Pain and tissue damage

Question 40

A client with a new fibromyalgia diagnosis would exhibit what?

Answer 40

Fatigue

Question 41

_____is a key feature of Paget’s disease

Answer 41

Enlarged thick bones

Question 42

_______is likely to cause a mechanical bowel obstruction.

Answer 42

Intussusception

Question 43

This client is at increased risk of pancreatitis

Answer 43

A clients with a stone lodged in the pancreatic duct.

Question 44

Hepatitis ___and___is transmitted via the oral-fecal route.

Answer 44

A and E

Question 45

_____dysfunction is associated with the onset of esophageal varices.

Answer 45

Liver

Question 46

Dysphasia, weight loss, chest pain, bloody emesis in a GERD client indicates symptoms of ______cancer.

Answer 46

Esophageal

Question 47

A complication of end-stage cirrhosis with vomiting is a marker for______.

Answer 47

Bleeding Esophageal Varices

Question 48

A key characteristic of breeding gastric ulcers is_______.

Answer 48

Black Tarry Stool

Question 49

_______occurs with Hepatitis B patients.

Answer 49

Inflamed, enlarged liver

Question 50

______results in pre-renal kidney injury.

Answer 50

Hemorrhage

Question 51

_______is related to over secretion of renin.

Answer 51

Hypertension

Question 52

Pyelonephritis is due to the______of E. Coli that causes infection.

Answer 52

Ascent

Question 53

The onset of urinary casts due to a post streptococcal glomerulonephritis infection is a result of what?

Answer 53

Inflamed tubules that COMPRESS RBCs and proteins into a mass.

Question 54

A client with Type 1 diabetes and ESRD will likely manifest….

Answer 54

Lethargy and Confusion

Question 55

_____ ______ arises in severe kidney disease clients with hypo or hyperkalemia.

Answer 55

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Question 56

_______and______indicate early acute renal failure.

Answer 56

Low GFR and High Urea levels

Question 57

Azotemia is defined by excess _____and_____in the blood.

Answer 57

Urea and Nitrogen

Question 58

A nurse should monitor _____and____in a client with CKD to determine sodium retention status.

Answer 58

Weight and Blood pressure

Question 59

The nurse should monitor for______in clients with large renal calculi.

Answer 59

Hydronephrosis

Question 60

A malignant bladder tumor will likely result in what clinical manifestation?

Answer 60

Painless hematuria