Causes

Question 1

multidimensional integrative approach means that no single pathway can account for behavior

Answer 1

biological: great grandmother has OCD
psychological: mother was clean and worried about illness
social: friend recently became sick
developmental: under lots of stress at home

Question 2

if disorder y occurs, then cause x must have preceded it (NEVER THE ANSWER)

Answer 2

necessary cause

Question 3

if cause x occurs, then disorder y will occur

Answer 3

sufficient cause

Question 4

if x occurs, then the probability of disorder y increases (mostly the answer)

Answer 4

contributory cause

Question 5

THIS IS THE RULE, NOT THE EXCEPTION IN EXPLAINING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Answer 5

multiple causation

Question 6

many causes lead to the same disorder

Answer 6

equifinality

Question 7

one cause leads to multiple disorders

Answer 7

multifinality

Question 8

distant, earlier causes

things that happened in childhood, demographics

Answer 8

distal causal factors

Question 9

trigger

Answer 9

proximal (immediate) causal factors

Question 10

diathesis - inherited vulnerability/susceptibility

stress - environmental factors

Answer 10

diathesis - stress model

Question 11

biological causes (NIMH strategic plan)

Answer 11

focus on basic science required for understanding mental illnesses

describe molecules, cells and neural circuits associated with complex behaviors

identify the genomic and non-genomic factors associated with mental illnesses

map the connectomes for mental illnesses

Question 12

understand the “pure” causes by focusing on brain circuits associated with complex behaviors

Answer 12

reductionism

Question 13

basic genetics

Answer 13

dna: physical basis for the transmission of genetic information
genes: biological units of heredity, contains instructions for producing proteins, found on chromosomes

Question 14

human behavior genetics

Answer 14

evaluates the genetic components of individual differences in behaviors and traits

heritability (0 to 1)

adoption studies and twin studies (monozygotic = 100% and dizygotic = 50%)

Question 15

communicates genetic predisposition - does not mean that this is their likelihood of getting the disorder

Answer 15

heritability

Question 16

genetic endowment

environment interactions can make individuals more sensitive depending on different kind

Answer 16

genotype

Question 17

how a genotype is expressed

Answer 17

phenotype

Question 18

the association between the genotype a child inherits from his or her parents and the environment in which the child is raised

Answer 18

passive effect of genotype-environment correlations

Question 19

occurs when an individual possesses a heritable propensity to select environmental exposure

Answer 19

active effect of genotype-environment correlations

Question 20

an individual’s (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response.

Answer 20

evocative effect of genotype-environment correlations

Question 21

genes = predisposition

Answer 21

genes do not equal disorder

Question 22

ability to successfully adapt to very difficult circumstances

Answer 22

resilience

Question 23

influences that modify person’s response

Answer 23

protective factors

Question 24

study of mechanisms that switch genes on and off

influences by ago, environment, lifestyle and disease

Answer 24

epigenetics

Question 25

all cells have the same genes but they form different cells because there is software telling the computer when to work and how to work

Answer 25

epigenome

Question 26

the role of the nervous system in disease and behavior

Answer 26

the field of neuroscience

Question 27

main influences of neuroscience

Answer 27

role of neurotransmitters on psychopathology and role of brain regions on psychopathology

Question 28

limbic system - forebrain

Answer 28

motivated behavior hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

Question 29

acquisition of explicit memory trauma/PTSD

Answer 29

hippocampus

Question 30

emotion, fear, anger

Answer 30

amygdala

Question 31

coordinates cognition and behavior

Answer 31

cingulate gyrus

Question 32

basal ganglia - forebrain

Answer 32

caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens control motor activity and reward learning OCD

Question 33

psychological influences on brain structure & function

Answer 33

behavior therapy changes brain function in OCD brain activity changes after treatment in depression changing how you think and behave changes brain structure and function!

Question 34

reinterpret negative information amygdala activity at baseline predicted who would respond better and was a better predictor than self-reports

Answer 34

cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 35

psychological viewpoints

Answer 35

psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, behavioral

Question 36

foundation is the unconscious mind make the unconscious, conscious through free association, analyzing dreams or hypnosis concept of anxiety is prevalent

Answer 36

psychoanalytic theory

Question 37

ego tries to deal with drives in a way that may be more adaptive

Answer 37

defense mechanism

Question 38

unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

Answer 38

repression

Question 39

blocking external events from awareness

Answer 39

denial

Question 40

involves individuals attributing their oown unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person

Answer 40

projection

Question 41

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object

Answer 41

displacement

Question 42

movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress

Answer 42

regression

Question 43

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

Answer 43

sublimation

Question 44

Freud's legacy

Answer 44

unconscious processes childhood experiences are important development and sexuality talking therapy

Question 45

contends that personality can be understood as reflecting the mental images of significant figures (especially the parents) that we form early in life in response to interactions taking place within the family

Answer 45

object-relations theory (psychodynamic perspective)

Question 46

argues that attachments—or bonds—to significant people are key to understanding human behavior

Answer 46

attachment theory

Question 47

emphasize identifying and understanding self-defeating patterns in relationships, figuring out why a particular situation is happening in a particular context, changing patterns that don’t work and developing healthier one relationships + here and now are the focus

Answer 47

interpersonal perspective

Question 48

a system of psychoanalytic developmental psychology concerned especially with personality

Answer 48

ego psychology

Question 49

___ conditioning is important for anxiety disorders

Answer 49

classical

Question 50

individual is exposed to what produces fear that is not dangerous

Answer 50

exposure therapy

Question 51

add/give something behavior happens more often

Answer 51

positive reinforcement

Question 52

subtract or take something away behavior happens more often

Answer 52

negative reinforcement

Question 53

add or give something the behavior happens less often

Answer 53

positive punishment

Question 54

subtract or take away something the behavior happens less often

Answer 54

negative punishment

Question 55

response is condition to one stimulus and can be evoked by other similar stimuli

Answer 55

generalization

Question 56

learning is distinguished between similar stimuli

Answer 56

discrimination

Question 57

learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 57

observational learning

Question 58

focuses on how thoughts and information processing become distorted leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior

Answer 58

cognitive-behavioral perspective

Question 59

underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information

Answer 59

schema

Question 60

process of assigning causes to things that happen central patterns targeted in cognitive therapy

Answer 60

attributions

Question 61

characteristic way in which individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events

Answer 61

attributional style

Question 62

higher chance for depression not just the exam, I'm not smart enough in general

Answer 62

stable attributions

Question 63

lower chance for depression it is just one test, this will not affect my future

Answer 63

specific attributions

Question 64

developed by Aaron Beck the mediating thought is most important internal thought = depression external thought - no depression

Answer 64

cognitive therapy

Question 65

four kinds of unresponsive care

Answer 65

occasional inattention, chronic under-stimulation, severe neglect in a family context, severe neglect in an institutional setting

Question 66

not all that bad, can be beneficial to the child | teaches child to self-soothe and explore environment

Answer 66

occasional inattention

Question 67

if in an enriching environment, the child can play catch-up

Answer 67

chronic under-stimulation

Question 68

issue of not being fed

Answer 68

severe neglect in a family context

Question 69

children living in a "warehouse" type situation

Answer 69

severe neglect in an institutional setting

Question 70

various culture-bound syndromes that don't exist here individual personality development and norms and values or larger society society-specific and mental disorders

Answer 70

sociocultral viewpoint