History

Question 1

how many people actively have the disorder at the current point in time

Answer 1

point prevalence

Question 2

how many people actively have the disorder over the course of a year

Answer 2

one-year prevalence

Question 3

how many people have experience the disorder over their lifetime

Answer 3

lifetime prevalence

Question 4

number of active cases (individuals with the diagnosis or presenting with the behavior)

Answer 4

prevalence

Question 5

number of new cases (how many individuals developed this behavior for the first time)

Answer 5

incidence

Question 6

more than one disorder in the same person / very common

Answer 6

comorbidity

Question 7

treatments that stem across different diagnoses not just separate diagnoses

Answer 7

transdiagnostic

Question 8

acute vs. sudden / gradual vs. insidious

Answer 8

onset (clinical description)

Question 9

episode of depression that lasts for a long period of time

Answer 9

chronic course

Question 10

have one episode of depression then it is gone

Answer 10

acute or time-limited course

Question 11

forecast of course

Answer 11

prognosis

Question 12

call individuals and ask a structured series of questions / easily administered to large group of people

Answer 12

self-report

Question 13

ask parents or teachers or siblings / done frequently with kids

Answer 13

informant reports

Question 14

There is _____ overlap between informant and self reports

Answer 14

LOW

Question 15

kids report more _____ disorders than parents

Answer 15

internalizing

Question 16

parents report on _____ (acting out, rule breaking, etc.)

Answer 16

behavioral problems

Question 17

wide range/observations are made and things like physiological methods or activity in the brain are encoded

Answer 17

observational methods

Question 18

examining the relationship between two or more variables

differences between a group of individuals based on a measure of interest

Answer 18

correlational research

Question 19

intensely follow or describe one individual with the disorder of interest

Answer 19

case studies or case series

Question 20

study a group of individuals who look very similar to the case groups minus the condition of interest

Answer 20

case-control studies

Question 21

[backwards]

asses people at a time point and look at lifetime history

physiological autopsy

Answer 21

retrospective

Question 22

investigate into person’s death by reconstruction of events leading up to death and information gathered by personal documents, police reports, interviews and medical/coroner’s records

Answer 22

physiological autopsy

Question 23

[forwards]

follow the individual for a period of life and see what happens if both their parents have markers for depression

Answer 23

prospective

longitudinal design

Question 24

collect patients with desired criteria and randomly assign them to treatment/control group

followed up over time and asses change in symptoms

as more treatments develop there could be comparison of new to old treatments

large scale

Answer 24

randomized controlled trials (ex: systematically test an intervention)

Question 25

baseline - asses individual for a period of time treatment - apply and monitor reversal - remove the treatment and observe what happens treatment - reapply and see if they get better

Answer 25

single-case experimental designs (ABAB)

Question 26

is experimental or observational study better?

Answer 26

need a multi-functional lab to get an in-depth understanding of the disease

Question 27

considerations in research design: sampling

Answer 27

when collecting a sample you pull from a population and you infer that they are characteristic of the larger population they were pulled from replication across study designs in different labs with different samples can be combined

Question 28

considerations in research design: control/comparison groups

Answer 28

control group makes a huge difference in findings because results are based off their deviation from gathered observations

Question 29

considerations in research design: temporal relationship between variables

Answer 29

cannot study a symptom and a disease and jump straight to a conclusion that one is causing the other

Question 30

methodologically sound are we matching all criteria' accounting for confounding variables

Answer 30

internal validity

Question 31

generalizability if we have a specific example to what extent can we generalize the findings to larger populations

Answer 31

external validity

Question 32

reflects the size of association of variables independent of the sample size used to compare the strength of findings from different studies

Answer 32

effect size

Question 33

combines effect sizes from all included studies and tells the magnitude of the effect

Answer 33

meta-analysis

Question 34

contemporary views of abnormal behavior: biological discoveries

Answer 34

linked brain to the presence of mental illness / environmental factors / connections between syphilis and mental illness

Question 35

contemporary views of abnormal behavior: development of early classification system

Answer 35

Emil Kraeplin wrote about clusters of symptoms that pointed to syndromes which led to different treatments

Question 36

contemporary views of abnormal behavior: psychological causation views emerge

Answer 36

Freud made first major steps toward understanding psychological factors in mental disorders emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives

Question 37

contemporary views of abnormal behavior: experimental psychological research develops

Answer 37

Wihelm Wundt had the first experimental laboratory (structuralism) William James father of American psychology (functionalism)

Question 38

people look inside themselves and tell you things about themselves

Answer 38

structuralism

Question 39

function of mental states by what they do

Answer 39

functionalism

Question 40

theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns psychoanalysis dominated until this point exposure therapies are rooted in this concept

Answer 40

behaviorism

Question 41

unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response Pavlov and Watson

Answer 41

classical conditioning

Question 42

pair conditioned stimulus with a "fear-less" response systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

Answer 42

counter-conditioning

Question 43

swap + with - upkeep may need to be involved flooding

Answer 43

systematic desensitization

Question 44

swap - with + done with substance abuse

Answer 44

aversive conditioning

Question 45

associating your behavior with its' consequences and understanding how those consequences influence a behavior reward or punishment can increase or decrease the chance of a behavior

Answer 45

operant conditioning

Question 46

token economy where tokens are obtained for desired behavior and redeemed for desireable items done with ADHD/addiction

Answer 46

contingency management