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1
Q

water content varies ______ with fat content

A

inversely

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2
Q

% of body water ______ with age

A

decreases

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3
Q

60% of the body is made up of fluid/water. ____% of is ICF and ___% is ECF.

A

40, 20

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4
Q

besides water, both the ECF and ICF consist mainly of _________

A

electrolytes

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5
Q

of the 20% of body fluid that is ECF, ___% is interstitial fluid and _____% is blood plasma

A

15, 5

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

the ECF and ICF only have small quantities of non-electrolyes like _____ and ____

A

aa’s, glucose, etc.

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8
Q

in both the ECF and ICF, the electrolytes are almost completly __________ meaning that they exist as _________

A

dissociated, free ions

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9
Q

in the ECF, ____ is the main positively charged ion

A

Na+

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10
Q

in the ECF, _______ and ______ are the main negatively charged ions

A

Cl- and HCO3-

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11
Q

there is very little ________ in the ECF

A

K+

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12
Q

in the ICF, _____ is the main positvely charged ion

A

K+

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13
Q

in the ICF, _____ and _____ are the main negatively charged ions

A

PO43- and proteins(A-)

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14
Q

there is very little ____ and _____ in the ICF

A

Na+ and Cl-

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15
Q

the compositions of the ECF and ICF do/don’t change that much

A

don’t

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16
Q

the composition of the ECF is maintained by ________. The constancy of the ICF is mainly maintained by _________-

A

homeostasis, mechanisms which the cells possess

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17
Q

[glucose] in plasma between meals should be ________ mmol/L

A

4-5

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18
Q

if [glucose] in plasma increases, for ex. after a meal, the secretion of the hormone ______ increases too

A

insulin

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19
Q

_______ decreases the [glucose] in plasma

A

insulin

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20
Q

negative feedback works for the regulation of ___ (4)

A

[glucose], blood pressure, temperature, pH

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21
Q

at the beginning [K+] is high in/out the cell, and [Na+] is high in/out the cell

A

in, out

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22
Q

Approx ____ times the volume of water in a cell crosses the PM every second, but cells dont experience any swelling or shrinkage because the amt that diffuses in and out is balanced

A

100

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23
Q

if a conc. grad. of water does develop across a membrane, water will move _____ its conc. grad.

A

down

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24
Q

water will move passively down its own conc. grad. from an area of high water conc. (_______ solute conc.) to an area of lower water conc. (_______ solute conc)

A

lower, higher

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25
Since solutions are always referred to in terms of conc. of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, water moves by osmosis to the area of ________ solute concentration
SOLUTE, higher
26
the osmotic movement of water will only occur if the osmotic pressure of the ECF ______ from that of the ICF
differs
27
if the osmotic pressure of a solution is high, it has a _______ water conc. and a high ______ conc.
low, high
28
normally, the osmotic pressure of the ECF is _______ to the ICF
similar
29
when the osmotic activity of the ECF does change, it is usually due to ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Na+ and its anions
30
when the osmotic activity of the ICF does change, it is usually due to ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
K+ and its anions
31
The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by the __________ of the particles per unit volume of fluid NOT by the ______ of the particles.
number, mass
32
1 osmole is equal to 1 mole of ______ particles
solute
33
osmole refers to the number of ___________ particles in a solution rather than molar conc.
osmotically acitive
34
the exact osmolarity of body fluids is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
35
the main determinants of ECF osmolarity is Na+ and Cl-
36
the main determinants of ICF osmolarity are \_\_\_\_\_
K+ and PO43-
37
water moves from a solution of ______ osmolarity to one of ______ osmolarity, until the osmolarity in the 2 solutions is equal
low, high
38
diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 results from a lack of or no circulating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
insulin
39
diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 is characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hyperglycemia
40
sources of water input
drinking water, eating solid foods, metabolically produced water
41
source of water output
sensible loss and insensible loss
42
what is insensible loss?
insensible loss is water that isn't measured. it consists of evaporation through non-sweating skin (2/3) or the respiratory tract (1/3)
43
what is sensible loss?
sweat, feces, and urine excretion
44
insufficient h2o intake can be caused by ______ and can result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
desert travel, difficulty swallowing
45
excessive h2o loss can be caused by (5)
heavy sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, infection disease(ex. cholera), and diabetes insipidus
46
diabetes insipiedus is characterized by a deficiency in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
vasopressin (ADH)
47
in the absense of ADH, patients can produce up to \_\_\_L of very dilute urine. normal avg is \_\_\_\_\_.
48
the normal function of ADH is to _______ urinary output. it _______ water conservation in body.
reduce, enhances
49
what is the process of the effects of dehydration?
water content of ECF decreases -\> increased conc. of ECF -\> osmolarity of ECF increases -\> water leaves all cells by osmosis through cell membranes -\> osmolarity of ICF increases -\> disruption of cellular function
50
dehydration symptoms: mild cases
dry skin and tounge, sunken eyeballs
51
dehydration symptoms: moderate cases
mental confusion, irrationality
52
53
dehydration symptoms: more severe cases
delirium, convulsions, coma
54
non-neural symptoms of dehydration
circulatory disturbances (vary from small BP drop to circulatory shock and death)
55
symptoms of over hydration:
confusion, lethargy, headache, dizziness, vomiting severe cases include coma and death
56
non neural symptoms of over hydration
weakness (swelling in muscles) and circulatory disturbances (expansion of plasma volume)
57
when an RBC is placed in a hypertonic solution it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
shrivels up because water leaves
58
when an RBC is placed in a isotonic solution it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
nothing happens
59
when an RBC is placed in a hypotonic solution it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
it swells up
60
intravenous solutions are tailored to the patient's body's needs and used to ____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
replenish fluid and deliver IV meds
61
what are the three principle forms of IV solutions
colloid solutions, crystalloid solutions, and blood products
62
colloid solutions are ______ and they help reduce \_\_\_\_\_\_
hypertonic, edema
63
what are the types of isotonic crystalloid solutions
0.9% NaCl to replace salt loss 5% dextrose in water to maintain water balance
64
what is the hypotonic crystalloid solution made of
0.45% NaCl - used to correct hyperosmolar state
65
what are the types of hypertonic crystalloid solutions?
1,3,7,7.5,10% NaCl 10% dextrose in water used to correct overhydration or to expand plasma volume
66
crystalloids are ______ solutions, consisting of ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
clear, sterile water, electrolyte solutions
67
both water and electrolytes will cross a semi-permeable membrane into the interstitial space and achieve equilibriu within \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2-3 hours
68
almost every patient undergoing surgery will be given an IV drip of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
isotonic saline
69
colloids have a _____________ weight
high molecular
70
ex. of colloids
albumin, dextran, mannitol
71
colloids do/don't readily cross semi-permeable membranes
dont
72
because of colloids high osmolarity, they are important in ________ dynamics
capillary fluid
73
colloids stay in the ________ for ______ hours
intravascular space, 3-6
74
colloids draw abnormal accumulations of fluid from ____ to \_\_\_\_\_
interstitial/intracellular compartments, vascular compartments

CB (10 decks)

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