CB6

Question 1

total protein content of plasma is _______ / 100mL

Answer 1

6-8g

Question 2

almost all plasma proteins, except ______, are synthesized in the _________.

Answer 2

immunoglobins, liver

Question 3

what are the proteins in our plasma and their respective percentages?

Answer 3

albumin - 60

globulins - 18-30

fibrinogen and clotting proteins - 4

regulatory - <1

Question 4

the albumin: globulin ratio is usually between _____-____:1

Answer 4

1.2-1.5

Question 5

what plasma proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?

Answer 5

complement proteins (liver and macrophages) and gamma globulins/immunoglobins (activated B lymphocytes)

Question 6

the liver synthesizes about ______g of protein a day

Answer 6

25

Question 7

a biomarker is any substances that is used as an indicator of a _________ state

Answer 7

biological

Question 8

in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the rate of color formation is proportional to the amount of _________ produced

Answer 8

antigen

Question 9

a reference range is the set of _____________

Answer 9

values 95% of the normal pop. falls within

Question 10

albumin accounts for about ____% of the osmotic pressure of plasma

Answer 10

80

Question 11

plasma half life of albumin is about ____ days

Answer 11

20

Question 12

albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for transport of __, ___, ____

Answer 12

fatty-acids, hormones, drugs

Question 13

hypoalbuminaemia leads to _________ in the tissues

Answer 13

fluid retention/edema

Question 14

albumin serves as a source of _____ during nutrition deprivation

Answer 14

aa’s

Question 15

symptoms of low serum albumin

Answer 15

protein malnutrition, hepatocellular disease, loss through kidney, thermal burns/skin disease, acute/chronic inflammation

Question 16

what are the alpha1 globins?

Answer 16

Question 17

what are the alpha2 globulins?

Answer 17

Question 18

what are the beta-globulins?

Answer 18

Question 19

alpha-1 anti-trypsin is a strong INHIBITOR of elastase. What is elasase and what is it released by?

Answer 19

elastase is an enzyme that breaks down proteins and it is released by macrophages in response to an infection

Question 20

A1AT helps prevent _________ infection/inflammation.

Answer 20

lung

Question 21

an A1AT deficiency is _______, which leads to the chronic breakdown of tissues

Answer 21

inherited

Question 22

without A1AT, elastase can break down elastin, which contributes to the _________ of the lungs

Answer 22

elasticity

Question 23

Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that the body uses to clear ________ (found outside of red blood cells) from circulation.

Answer 23

free hemoglobin

Question 24

decreased haptoglobin levels imply a diagnosis of _____________

Answer 24

hemolytic anemia (rbc’s die faster than they can be made)

Question 25

what happens when haptoglobin levels are down, but there is no anemia?

Answer 25

may indicate liver damage

Question 26

what may cause increased haptoglobin levels?

Answer 26

inflammation

Question 27

The acute-phase response is the term given to the coordinated series of events that occur nonspecifically in response to \_\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 27

malignancy, autoimmune disease, infections

Question 28

in acute phase response, neutrophils, granulocytes and macrophages secrete _______ into the bloodstream

Answer 28

cytokines

Question 29

how does the liver respond when cytokines are released into the bloodstream in acute phase response?

Answer 29

it produces a large number of acute-phase reactants

Question 30

C-reactive proteins (CRP) bind to _______ in order to activate the _______ system

Answer 30

the surface of dead or dying cells, complement

Question 31

levels of CRP inc/dec rapidly in response to acute inflammation

Answer 31

increase

Question 32

ref level of CRP in blood is ___ mg/L

Answer 32

2

Question 33

CRP increases _________ fold in acute inflammation. ex. infection

Answer 33

50,000

Question 34

CRP is used for the ________ of acute infection

Answer 34

early detection

Question 35

immunoglobulins are also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 35

gamma globulins

Question 36

immunoglobulins are made by ________ in response to recognition of ________ proteins

Answer 36

b-lymphocytes, non-self

Question 37

immunoglobulins are made of _____ and ____ chains held together by _________ bonds

Answer 37

heavy, light, disulphide

Question 38

which chain defines the class of immunoglobulin?

Answer 38

heavy

Question 39

when there is a sharp spike in the gamma region of a densitometer tracing, the amt of normal gammaglobulins are ________ and large amts of single, monoclonal ____________ have taken their place

Answer 39

decreased, immunoglobulins

Question 40

presence of a spike of the M-protein (monoclonal antibodies) suggests \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 40

multiple myeloma

Question 41

fibrinogen is a large protein that is made in the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

liver

Question 42

fibrinogen is present at \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ mg/mL in plasma

Answer 42

around 1.5-3.0

Question 43

fibrinogen plays a big role in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

blood coagulation

Question 44

inc amts of fibrinogen is associated with ____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

inflammation, pregnancy

Question 45

dec amts of fibrinogen is associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

uncontrolled blood coagulation (coagulopathy)