CC CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate for production of energy
A
glycolysis
2
Q
decomposition of fat
A
lipolysis
3
Q
conversion of CHO to FA
A
lipogenesis
4
Q
conversion of glycogen for storage
A
glycogenesis
5
Q
breakdown of glucose for use as energy
A
glycogenolysis
6
Q
formation of glucose 6-phosphate from noncarbo sources
A
gluconeogenesis
7
Q
most common reducing sugar
A
glucose
8
Q
do not contain an active ketone or aldehyde
A
non-reducing sugars
9
Q
presence of double bond and a negative charge in the enol n ion
A
reducing sugars
10
Q
most common reducing sugars
A
glucose
11
Q
most active reducing sugar
A
ribose
12
Q
2nd most active reducing sugar
A
xylose
13
Q
3rd most active reducing sugar
A
arabinose
14
Q
RSR for influenza virus
- N-acetylmuramic acid
A
sialic acid
15
Q
RBC surface receptor for plasmodium/ malarial parasites
A
hyaluoronan
16
Q
fungal cell wall
exoskeleton of crustaceans
A
chitin
17
Q
main CHO storage in liver
storage form CHO in animals
A
glycogen
18
Q
plant cell wall
no enzymes can digest this
A
cellulose
19
Q
formed through hydrolysis of cellulose, maltose like sugar
A
cellobiose
20
Q
simplest CHO
A
diose
21
Q
only one possible diose
A
glycol aldehyde
22
Q
the primary and only hypoglycemic agent.
- synthesized by B-cells
A
Insulin
23
Q
insulin promotes what?
A
glycogenesis
glycolysis
lipogenesis
24
Q
insulin inhibits what?
A
glycogenolysis
25
the primary and predominant hyperglycemic agent
- synthesized by alpha cells
-released during stress and during fasting
glucagon
26
glucagon is the first hormone to rise if serum glucose is?
< 75 mg/dL
27
FASTING PLASMA GUCAGON
25-50 pg/ml
28
balance optimum ratio between insulin and glucagon
- synthesized by delta cells
somatostatin
29
4 hormones that the islet cells secretes into the blood
insulin
glucagon
gastrin
somatostatin
30
artificial insulin production
pig pancreas
31
B-natriuretic peptide
pig brain
32
glucose normalizes within what time after eating a meal?
2-3 hr
33
in non diabetic indv. plasma glucose conc. peak at ___ after the start of a meal
60 mins
34
RBS for hypoglycemia
≤ 60 mg/dL
35
HbA1c can also be utilized to diagnose DM if the result is?
≥ 6.5%
36
hypoglycemia symptoms occur
50-55 mg/dL
37
male blood glucose after severe fasting
55-60 mg/dL
38
female blood glucose after severe fasting
40 mg/dL
39
FBS for hyperglycemia
≥ 126 mg/dL
40
random plasma glucose for DM
≤ 200 mg/dL
41
aldehyde hexose
glucose
42
reference method for glucose
hexokinase
43
reference value for glucose
80-100 mg/dL
44
conversion factor for glucose
0.0555
45
adults reference value for CSF Glucose
40-70 mg/dL
46
children reference value for CSF Glucose
60-80 mg/dL
47
CSF glucose increases during?
severe diabetes
48
marked decreased CSF glucose is indicative of?
bacterial meningitis
49
also known as deep respiration which usually occurs when the person is normally sleeping or in comatose
kussmaul-kien respiration
50
fasting for C-peptide test
8-12 hrs
51
used by physician to detect type 1 DM
C-peptide test
52
reference value for C-peptide test
0.9-4.3 ng/mL
53
conversion factor for C-peptide test
0.333
54
NORMAL c-peptide to insulin ratio
> 5-15: 1
55
ketone test is only recommended when plasma glucose reach?
300 mg/dL
56
NORMAL B-HBA to AAA ratio
1:1
57
DIABETES B-HBA to AAA ratio
6:1
58
mainly evaluates hypoglycemia
c-peptide test
59
disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize CHO
GDM
60
screening time for GDM
24th - 28th weeks of pregnancy
61
screening diagnosis
2-hour OGTT
62
routine/ standard glucose load?
75g
63
glucose load for obese
100g
64
glucose load for infant
1.75g/kg
65
glucose load for 2 step approach
150g
66
oral glucose load should be administered within?
5 mins
67
IV load should be administered within?
3 mins
68
long term glucose control
glycated hemoglobin/ HbA1c
69
short term glycose control
glycated albumin/ fructosamine
70
HbA1c is tested every?
3-6 months
71
fructosamine is tested every?
3-6 weeks
72
measures B-D glucose specifically
glucose oxidase
73
used for continuous monitoring for DM, trend in urine glucose monitoring
interstitial glucose
74
RBSs should be separated from serum within __ to avoid glycolysis
30 mins
75
critical levels for brain damage
< 40 mg/dl
76
most common method in OGTT
-single dose and one step approach
- 2hr OGTT
janey-Isaacson method
76
critical levels for comatose, organ failure
> 500 mg/dL
77
a double dose method for OGTT and a two step approach
-3 hours OGTT
exton rose method
78
2 oral doses of the double dose method
50g, 100g
79
fasting requirement for OGTT
8-14 hrs
80
Measures overall glucose hemostasis
-done first thing in the morning before breakfast
FBS/FPG
80
this test is to check at any time of the day when you have severe diabetes symptoms.
requested during insulin shock and hyperglycemic ketonic coma
RBS/CPGT
81
Not a test used o diagnose DM, only considered as a physicians to see if px are taking the right amount of insulin shot
2-hr PPBS/PPG
82
fasting hours for GTT
8-14 hrs
82
a multiple blood sugar test
can be used to diagnose DM and confirm a GDM status
GTT
83
only glucose step with a hemolytic step
HbA1c
84
reference value for glycated albumin
205-285 umol/L
85
G-6-phosphatase
1a (von gierke)
86
1,4-glucosidase
2 (pompei)
87
glucose transporter 2
11 (Fanconi Bickel)
88
most common glycogen storage disorder. it can cause pronounce hepatomegaly
VON GIERKE
89
De Brancher
3a (cori forbes)
90
brancher
4 (andersen)
91
muscle phosphorylase
5 (Mc Ardle)
92
liver phosphorylase
6 (hers)
93
phosphofructokinase
7 (tarui)
94
utilizes reducing property of glucose
alkaline copper reduction
95
type 1 DM SMBG
monitored 3-4x
96
type 2 DM SMBG
monitored infinitely
97
the standard sodium is treated potassium ferricyanide
hagedorn-jensen
98
quantification of reducing sugars
modified-folin Wu
99
is a condensation method that has a short testing time but carcinogenic
ortho-toluidine/Dubowski method
100
color of ortho-toluidine
blue
101
when ortho-toluidine is added with glucose what is the product?
glycosylamine (green)
102
specimen for glycated hemoglobin
EDTA wholeblood
103
specimen for glycated albumin
serum
104
reduction methods are __ erroneously higher than enzymatic methods
5-15 mg
